Untitled - Caio - Index of

70 Introductionborrowings take place more easily in open sub-systems of language than inclosed sub-systems, in which it is more difficult to insert new elements.Open sub-systems include phonems and vocabulary, and to a lesser extentsyntax. Flexion morphology, on the other hand, is the closed sub-systempar excellence. Thus, if one wishes to investigate 'Proto-Italic,' he or shemust first investigate the f1exion morphology in languages of typologicallyIndo-European structure. Even the connection between the lndo­European languages was not discovered through phonetics, vocabulary,and syntax, but rather through the system of conjugation."Since H. Krahe there have been efforts to formulate assertions, throughlinguistic analysis of ancient European hydronomy, about the language(presumably Proto-Indo-European) of its creators: W. P. Schmid "AIleuropiiischeGewiissernamen" in Onomaslik 1995 p. 756-762; by thesame author, Schriften 1994 passim. However, the material is very problematic.The controversial thesis of a 'converging language association'plays a central role here. Criticism: Th. Andersson Zur Geschichle derTheorie einer alleuropiiischen Hydronymie in Probleme der Namenbildung1986 [1988] p. 59-90. For more information, see W 305 § 3.11. Proto-Indo-European PhonologyA. General InformationL 100. In anticipation of the individual sections below, the fo llowingtable of relevant Proto-Indo-European phonemes may be reconstructed:vowels (see below, L 200ff.): ·i ·esemivowels (see below, L 212ff): *j ·11·a·0 ·u*i ·ii ·ii ·0 ·udiphthongs (see below, L 219ff.): ·ej *oj ·oj*etJ *ay *oyliquids, nasals (see below, L 300ff): ·1 [·n ·r [·r]·m [.f/l] ·n [.(1]continuants (see below, L 308ff.): ·slaryngeals (see below, L 314ff.):. ", . ", ·h,dentals (see below, L 336): ·1·d ·dhlabials (see below, L 337):.p·b ·bhpalatals (see below, L 339ff.): ·K .g .ghvelars (see below, L 339ff): ·k .g .ghlabiovelars (see below, L 343£): ·kW .gW .gwhL lOt. The system of denotation used in L 100, including the h as superscriptto indicate an aspirated occlusive that is a single phoneme, follows