Untitled - Caio - Index of

148 Proto-lndo-European PhonologyLarger Phonetic Unities1492) But because of its adoption of the zero grade as the fundamental rootform, this astute observation of the Indian ablaut grade system was not alwayssuccessful. In instances such as man- 'to think' or pat- 'to fly,' because thezero grade fonns in cases like *lnl)- > ma- (cC L 306 § 3) or pt- (in the aoristfo rm a-pa-pt-at) were not discermble to the Indian grammarians, tbey wereforced to assert full grades as root fonns.The case svap- 'to sleep' (withsvap-na- m 'sleep') is similar, in which a gradation based upon the zero gradesup- (sup-ta- 'slept,' Gr. ilrr-vo PIE *Jilu- and > PIE *sup-, produces no problems.L 414. In Hittite, the set of mles regarding the quantitive ablaut is quiteclear, for example the change between e vs. 0 in verbal paradigms, cf. 3sg. ku-en-zi i.e. lajen-t'i 'he kills' vs. 3 pI. ku-na-an-zi i.e. kun-ant'i 'theykill' (=Ved. han-ti vs. ghn-anti, cC L 345 § I). - Laryngeal effects alsoplay a role (cC L 314ff.): Cf. concerning PIE *"Ies-ti 'he is' (=Lat. estetc., Hitt. e-es-zi i.e. es-t'i < *es-t'i; the so-called plene-spelling is explainedas a lengthening due to the accent) the zero grade plural ""Is-enti= a-sa-an-zi i.e. as-ant'i 'they are' = Myc. e-e-si i.e. e"ensi, but Ved.santi, NHG sind, cf. E 504 § II and cf. L 419 § 3 below. - Concerningthe important statements in Hittite (Anatolian) on the lengthened gradesPIE *",e and *eh" cf. L 331.L 415. In Germanic, the ablaut was retained and expanded as a centralmeans of expression in the realm of morphology.An old Germanic languagewithout ablaut (i.e. strong) verbs is unimaginable. In new Germaniclanguages such as English, there are form series (e.g. sing : sang : sung :song) in which the ablaut is the only remaining difference. Along withrevelations in the Indian grade system (cf. L 413), it was through work inGermanic that helped early Indo-European linguistics in its understandingof the ablaut systemThe uniform PIE ablaut schema was transformed by the numerous phoneticchanges that took place concerning vowels, diphthongs, and also r. /.l'[l. and I). For instance, NHG binden : band : ge-bunden may be tracedback to PIE * bhendh- : * bhondh_ : * bh1Jdh- and may be associated with thegrades F(e), F(o) and Z(o), cf. L 410.Further examples: - Got. niman 'to take, to take up' < PIE *nem- =F(e), Got. nam 'took' < *nom- = F(o), Got. nemun 'they took' with fo r e = L(e) , Got. in-numan 'taken in' < *nl'[l- = ZM. - Got. wairjJan 'tobecome' < PIE "yert- = F(e), warjJ 'became' < *'Jort- = F(o), waurjJun'they became' < *lJrl- = Z(o) (concerning Gothic -or- < Proto-Germ.*-ur-, cf. L 208). - Got. tiuhan 'to pull, to lead' < PIE *del}k- = F(e),ga-tauhans part. 'pulled' < *duk- = Z(o) (concerning Gothic -oh- < Germ.*-uh-, cf. L 208).The various Germanic continuations of the uniform PIE ablaut typessuch as *er *or *r or *el} *oy *u are the major reason fo r the differencesbetween the first five series of strong verbs in the Old Germanic languages.L 416. Many instances of inherited ablauts are also attested in the Balticand Slavic languages: - Cf. Lith. tew, OCS teko 'I run, flow' = F(e);Lith. takas m 'canal, pipe, barrel,' OCS toh 'run, flow, threshing floor'F(o) ; Lith. leU 'deep place in a river,' OCS lex" 'ran' < *Iek[-s-] = L(e) ;Russ.-CS lakati 'to drive an animal' = L(o) . - Cf. Lith. merifti 'to starve,'OCS mreli 'to die' < PIE *mer- = F(e) ; Lith. maras 'epidemic,' OCSmoro 'plague' = F(o); Lith. mirtis, OCS s,,-mrolb f. 'death' < *mr- = Z(o) .- Slavic even exhibits the ideal case: all five possible ablaut grades,cC L410: OCS greb-o 'I dig, scratch' = F(e), grob" m. 'grave' = F(o), gres"'dug' < *greb-s- = L(e) , grabit; 'to steal' = L(o) , Cz. po-hfbili 'buried'