Untitled - Caio - Index of

260 Proto-Indo-European Syntaxmiddle voice in the following way: "It is quite obvious how to distribute thetwo functions of the more recent middle voice among these two older voices:the content of the middle was the reflexive along with the passive, and thecontent of the stative was the deponent. ,,14 Rix emphasizes that the middlevoice is more related to the stative voice than to tbe perfect mood: ''It is thisvoice 'stative' and not the mode of action 'perfect,' that is the partner of thevoice middle." (p. 104).Examples: - RV 4, 21, 4 rayo brhato ya tse ''who has great wealth athis disposal"; RV 7, 101, 2 yo visvasya jagato deva tse ''the god, whichhas the entire world at his disposal."Suggestions for further reading: Neu Mediopassiv 1968; C. Watkinsin Selected Writings I 1994 (in a contribution from 1971 [1973)) p. 146-188; N. Oettinger "Der indogermanische Stativ" in MSS 34 1976 p. 109-149; by the same author, "Zur Funktion des indogermanischen Stativs" inFS Rix 347-361; Jasanoff Stative and Middle 1976; K. Strunk "Zum idg.Medium und konkurrierenden Kategorien" in FS Seiler 1980 p. 321-337;H. Rix "The Proto-Indo-European Middle: Content, Forms and Origin" inMSS 49 1988 p. 101-1 19; Kiimmel Stativ und Passivaorist 1996' T. Goto"Uberlegungen zum urindogermanischen 'Stativ " ' in Kolloquium DelbruckMadrid 1994 [1997] p. 165-192; R. Stempel "Staliv, Perfekt undMedium: Eine vergleichende Analyse fur das Indogermanische und Semilische"in GS Kurylowicz 1995 p. 517-528.4) The function of the category 'passive,' which appears in many lElanguages, but did not exist as a grammatical category in Proto-Indo­European, was performed by the middle voice. The various lE languagesthat feature a passive voice each formed it independently from each other.Suggestions for further reading: E. Schwyzer "Zum personlichen Agensbeim Passiv, besonders im Griechischen" in Schwyzer Kleine Schriften1983 (in a contribution from 1943) p. 3-79; H. Jankuhn Passive Bedeulung1969; Hettrich Agens 1990.5) According to I. Mel'cuk, there is a difference between 'diathesis' and'voice.''' According to his view, one speaks of 'diathesis' in cases inwhich forms of the same verb that are commonly said to differ in voicecannot be used to describe the same real situation. Such is the case ofp. 105.14 "The Proto-Indo-European Middle: Content, Forms and Origin" in MSS 49 1988J5 I. Mel'tuk "The inflectional category o/ voice: towards a more rigorous definition" in Causatives and Transitivity 1993 p. 1-46verbal Morphosyntax 261:'d, the possibility of referring to the same r al situation exists in the case'ddle voice forms and their corresponding active forms. On the otherof the passive forms that correspond to actIve forms. In this case, onespeaks of 'voice.'D. Nominal MorphosyntaxI. Nominal PropertiesS 400. The verb, with its system of categories, presents a contrast withall other inflectable parts of speech, which share a common system ofcategories. For this reason, one speaks of nominal categories whenspeaking not only of the noun, which includes substantives and adjectives,but also when speaking of pronouns. The commonalities that combinethese word types are the case and number categories.In the case of adjectives and gendered pronouns, the dimension of genderis not directly linked to the lexeme, cf F 323.The personal pronoun plays a special role among the pronouns andnouns, not just because it does not distinguish between gender, but alsobecause personal pronouns, unlike other pronouns, do not in fact take theplace of nouns, which is why it would be better to use the term 'personals.' Unlike the case of verbs, the dimension 'person' in personal pronounsis lexical. For information on morphology, cf. F 401.a) Case (S 401 - S 414)S 401. To each case may be attributed a certain meaning. To be certain,the meaning may vary from the central meaning in certain cases. Meaningsof cases vary as do lexical meanings, according to context. However, twoopposing meanings may not be unified in a single linguistic symbol. Themeaning of a case is generally independent of context, while the variousfunctions are determined by the context. H. Hettrich proposes a processfor the description of meaning and function of lE casual categories: "z Ur funklionalen Varialionsbreite altindogermanischer Kasus: Der Ablativim f!.gveda" in FS S/runk 1993 p. 53-55. In the wider context of a