Untitled - Caio - Index of

256 Prol()-lnd()-European Syntaxperfect pr se ? t stem is used to express 'inhibitive' interdictions. Preven_tlve mterdlctlons avoid an event from the outset; inhibitive interdictio?alt an .eve t that is in co se. The common term for these phrases . prohibltlve ; a useful termmological differentiation of the two types ofmterdlctlon 15 that between prohibitive and inhibitive interdictions.EXa mPles: a) prohibitive: V 3, 53, 2 ma parii gii/.l "don't go away" -b) inhibItIve: AV 10, 1,26 ma ti!ha/.l "don't stay (standing)."Suggestlons for further reading: Hoffinann !,yunktiv 1967; H. Ammann"Die ditesten Formen des Prohibilivsatzes im Griechischen undLateinischen" in IF 45 1927 p. 328-344.S 312. The perative, particularly the true, 2 "" person perative, holdsa special . plce m the verbal paradigm, similar to that in the nominal paradIgmoccupIed by the vocative, which is equally directed to a listener and.WIth which th imperative shares the formal characteristic of having singularform which 15 composed of the stem without an ending with no signof its connection to the sentence.Examples: - Plautus, Mostellaria, 387 habe bonum animum "havegood c ? age"; B,331 aU' aye !It!lvete !l(XV'tEC; "come now, stay"; RV I,16, 6 tam mdr sahase p iba "Drink this, oh Indra, fo r strength."For further informatIOn: B. Forssman "Der !mperaliv im urindogerman schen erbaisystem" in Fachtagung Berlin 1983 [1985] p. 181-197.For mformatIon on morphology, ct: F 212.In addition to the true .perative, which expresses a request or an orderthat de ds the lnunedlate execution of the verbal activity, another formof expressIon for mstructions and requests with a temporal function developedfrom the association of this perative form with the ablative of thedemonstratIve pronoun PIE 'tad. While these instructions and requestshave the medlate validIty of the true perative, they do not bring aboutthe munedlate executIon of the verbal activity.Interdictions, or negative orders or requests, are, unlike positive orders?D d equests, not expressed with the perative, but rather with the in­JunctIve m connection with the negation PIE 'mehl• The use of the infinitIveto name the prohibited verbal activity in IE languages is comparable.S 313. According to Delbriick's investigations of fundamental notions(AI. Syntax 1888 p. 302), the SUbjunctive mood expresses a will, while theoptatIve mood expresses a wish. It is portant to note that the will or theWIsh (as the case may be) that is meant is that of the speaker, and not thatofthe subject, or, more precisely stated, that of the actor that is designated'•• \ Morphosyntax'l/erlJGby ttbrouge nb its own derivational verbal form, namely, the desiderative. Forh orninative form. The wish of the subject was originally expressed. . .da (Character of the Moods 1956), the characteTlStlc propertIes are? OO uaIization' for the subjunctive (p. 69ff.), and 'eventuality' for the opta­VIS (p 52). According to A. Scherer ("Die ursprungliche Funktion des.t . b'Konjunktivs" in Fachtagung Be n 1969 [197] p. 99-106, the su unctIvedraWS the conclusion from a gIven Ituatlo (p. 101) :'The subjunctIvewould then indicate a state of affiurs, which accordmg to the reievantjacts, may be accepted factual (i . .e. concluded from the CITcumstances tobe necessarily true), while the mdlcatlve reports what the speaker kMWS( believes to know), or asserts as a fact. The optatIve characterIZesmT., IPmerely that the state of affairs was thought." (p. 101). he ongma rotolodo-Europeancategories 'optative' and 'subjunctive' fused in Latin.Suggestions for further reading: Delbriick Conjuncliv und Optativ1871' Hahn Subjunctive and Optative 1953; Gonda Indo-EuropeanMoods 1956; K. Strunk "Zur diachronischen Morphosyntax des Konjunktivs"in Kolloquium Kuhner Amsterdam 1986 [1988] p. 291-312. For information on morphology, cf. F 206f.1) 'The subjunctive, which originally indicates the future, has two functions:J 0 its prospective function, it serves to express things that happen in the future,while in its voluntative function, it indicates the will of the speaker. 'The subjunctive is used to express his will when he considers that it is within his powerto bring about the verbal action. A declaration of will in a strict sense is onlypossible when the speaker has direct influence on events, such that that whichis desired may also be executed. This means that a true expression of will mayonly be in the first person singular, while all other cases are equally requests . .Ifthe first person subjunctive is taken as a request made of oneself, a connectIonto the second and third person subjunctive is possible in which the speaker hasno direct influence on the reali7ation of the verbal action, so that the statementmay only be understood as a request. A further connection may be made withthe I" person plural, in which the speaker communicates his own will, and atthe same time directs a request to others.2) Examples: _ a) I sg.: Plautus Bacchides 1049 quod perdundumst properemperdere ''what may be lost, J wiIVwant to hurry up and lose"; u 296ID' iJ:ye Ot KOt EyriJ &00 eivtOv "thus I wi\Vwant to give a gift of welcomealso to him"; RV 10, 39, 5 purii vii". virya pra bravii jane "your earlierheroic deeds I wi\Vwant to announce to all people"; RV 6, 59, 1 pra nu vociisutesu vam ''On the occasion of the pressing, I thus wi\Vwant to announce theheric deeds of both of you." - b) 1 pI.: Q 601 vuv liE !lVllcrW!1ESO OOpltOU257