Untitled - Caio - Index of

186 Proto-Indo-European MorphologyVerbs187laudiiv- back to periphrastic expressions of the active perfect participleand substantivized verb esse).3) The PIE suffix of the middle voice participle is *-m.Xno- (athematic)and *-o-m.Xno- (thematic), where X = Vor H, or even RV. The exactform is uncertain. G. Klingenschmitt makes a case for PIE *-l1Ih,no­(Fachtagung Regensburg 1973 [1975] p. 159-163 f.). The field is notunited regarding this assertion: H. C. Melchert supports -l1In-o- (inSwache 29 1983 p. 24f.); Mayrhofer finds the suggestion significant, butpomts out that even proponents of the triple-laryngeal theory share doubtsabout it (in Lautlehre 1986 p. 130f.); Szemerenyi remains with -l1In-o­(Einfiihrung 1990 p. 349f.); further, see B. Forssman in Kratylos 45 2000p. 69f., where be comments on the treatment of suffixes from LindemanLaryngeal Theory 1997. As M. Fritz indicated to me, the two competingzero grade suffix variants *-l1Ih,no- and *-mno- may be combined via thefull grade *-mh,eno-, provided the laryngeal in the suffix disappears wbenthe suffix IS added to a root or stem with a non-syllabic final position precedingthe full vowel e. The non-laryngeal full grade form *-meno- wouldthen have the newly constructed zero grade form *-l1Ino-. - Examplesmclude, Myc. Gr. nom. sg. f. ki-ti-me-na i.e. kti-men-ii 'cultivated, builtupon(and thus inhabited)' and Ved. /q1Jv-iin-ti- to kar- 'to do, to make tobring about' with the present stem !crnctlj- / !crnu- (one must admit the Ieg ce of Klingenschmitt's explanation -iin- < *-aHn- < *-1[Ih,n-; the alternative.Wlth -mn- has its difficulties, cf. Szemerenyi: "the origin of thisformation IS not certain"). - The differentiation of the perfect *-mh,n-ovs.the present * '-o-mh/llo- in the various IE languages may t>e' tracedback to the athematic/thematic dichotomy: Rix Hist. Graml1l. d. Gr.1976 p. 236.4) The verbal adjectives *-to- and *-no- function as past participles inindividual IE languages, cf. W 203.7. Periphrastic ConstructionsF 218. Relative to the ancient IE languages, periphrastic constructions ofthe type Lat. quid futurum est 'what should that become' or quod habeotol/ere 'what I intend to take' are considered new. However such formsare attested in the Hittite of the 2"d millenium RC., e.g. the iJark- construCtionsfor the perfect and pluperfect. If in fact the Latin perfect of thetype portiivi may be traced to the periphrase *portii'1osis esom (i.e. anactive perfect participle with -'1OS- + verbum substantivum [cp. F 217 §2]), then also it must date from prehistoric period. Thus, it may not beruled out that Proto-Indo-European already featured several periphrasticconstructions.I also consider cases such as the following to be similar to paraphrases:Lat. vendere < venum *dide- 'to put up for sale,' in the sense of 'to sell'vs. venire < venum ire 'to go for sale' in tbe sense of 'to be sold' (didemusthere be traced to PIE *dheh,- and not to *deh,-!: Meiser Laut- u.Formenlehre 1998 p. 192). Or, similarly, interficere 'to separate (fromlife), to make disappear' in the sense of ' to kill' vs. interire 'to go and disappear'in the sense of 'to decline' (For details relative to inter: H.Hettrich in MSS 54 1993 p. 169-172; -facere makes clear that this is acase of PIE *dheh,-). This combination of substantivized verb or preverband *dheh,- (in tbe active sense), or *h,ei- 'to go' (in tbe passive sense)certainly dates from a pre-individual language period. For a further example,cf. F 207 § 2 with H. Eichner's reflections on the optative.Further sources: Rosen Periphrase 1992; Boley Hittite harkconstruction1984; Cotticelli-Kurras Hill. 'seill' 1991; by the same authors"The Hittite periphrastic constructions" in Grammatica illita 1992 p. 33-59; S. Luraghi "1 verbi ausiliari in ittita" in FS Ramat 1998 p. 299-322.C. Nouns and Adjectives1. General InformationF 300. Nouns as nominal members expand, complete, and clarify thecontent of the central verb form of the sentence. In contrast to verbs,nouns have a relatively limited number of forms. Through the basicmeaning of the word, which is contained in its nominal stem, the endingscommunicate information about the number and genre of the content, aswell as information about the role of the noun, which is assigned to it bythe speaker in the syntactical context, cf. S 400ff.F 301. Substantives and adjectives are closely related. This closeness isdemonstrated by the fact that an adjective can take the place of a substantive,e.g. Classical Gr. O KQKO" 'the bad' and Lat. IUna 'moon' « Proto-