of protecting the normal residence areas (i.e. juvenile and non-<strong>spawning</strong> adult habitats). All theseresults are summarized in Table 2.1. Fisheries effects of <strong>spawning</strong> aggregation-based NTRsTable 1 Description of the no-take reserve (NTR) scenarios simulated in the studyNTR Scenario Description#1 Some <strong>spawning</strong> sites are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before they were closeddisappears at the time of NTR creation; fish are not faithful to <strong>spawning</strong> sites#2 Some <strong>spawning</strong> sites are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before they were closeddisappears at the time of NTR creation; fish are faithful to <strong>spawning</strong> sites#3 Some <strong>spawning</strong> sites are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before they were closedis fully redistributed to <strong>spawning</strong> sites remaining open to fishing at the time of NTR creation;fish are not faithful to <strong>spawning</strong> sites#4 Some <strong>spawning</strong> sites are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before they were closedis fully redistributed to <strong>spawning</strong> sites remaining open to fishing at the time of NTR creation;fish are faithful to <strong>spawning</strong> sites#5 All <strong>spawning</strong> sites are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before they were closeddisappears on NTR creation#6 All <strong>spawning</strong> sites are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before they were closed isfully redistributed to non-<strong>spawning</strong> sites at the time of NTR creation#7 Some normal residence areas are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before theywere closed disappears on NTR creation#8 Some normal residence areas are closed to fishing; the effort that was in reserves before theywere closed is fully redistributed to non-protected normal residence areas remaining open tofishing on NTR creationTable 2 Summary of the main effects of NTRs on female <strong>spawning</strong> stock biomass-per-recruit (SSBR), sex ratio andyield-per-recruit (YPR) for Epinephelus fuscoguttatus and Siganus sutor for different scenarios of <strong>spawning</strong> site fidelityand the fate of effort formerly in NTRs. Colour scheme: light grey = positive effects; white = no effects; dark grey =negative effects.116
• Patterns of YPR in presence of NTRs were qualitatively similar for grouper and rabbitfish.• For all scenarios examined, encompassing both the protection of a fraction or all<strong>spawning</strong> aggregations, there are no benefits for YPR and even negative effects undermost scenarios.• Only if effort is much higher than is currently applied in the trap fishery for rabbitfish,equating to an overexploited stock, can pre-reserve levels of YPR be maintained byprotecting a fraction of <strong>spawning</strong> aggregations.• For the grouper population, YPR decreases with the fraction of <strong>spawning</strong> areas protectedand, the higher the value of effort, the more YPR decreases with the fraction of <strong>spawning</strong>sites in reserves.• The greatest declinesin YPR occur when all <strong>spawning</strong> aggregations are protected, sinceglobal fishing mortality is considerably reduced in this situation, both when effortdisappears and when effort is redistributed.• The negative effects on YPR are more pronounced for grouper than rabbitfish, sincecatchability increases to a larger extent with grouper aggregation formation.2. Conservation effects of protecting a fraction of <strong>spawning</strong> aggregations using NTRs• Patterns of female SSBR in the presence of NTRs were qualitatively similar for grouperand rabbitfish.• Unsurprisingly, the greatest conservation benefits (i.e. increases in SSBR and decreasesin sex ratio) were obtained when effort previously expended on <strong>spawning</strong> aggregationssimply disappeared when the NTRs were established. Interestingly, female SSBR and sexratio were relatively unchanged between the site fidelity and non-site fidelity scenarioswhen effort disappears.• However, at higher levels of annual effort than those observed in the fisheries, SSBR andsex ratio would benefit more from the site fidelity than the non-site fidelity situation, asthe fraction of protected <strong>spawning</strong> sites increases.• By contrast, site fidelity has important consequences for conservation benefits if effortat <strong>spawning</strong> sites is redistributed when NTRs are created. As we assumed that effortwould be redistributed to the remaining unprotected <strong>spawning</strong> sites if only a fraction areprotected using NTRs, SSBR is invariant with the fraction of <strong>spawning</strong> sites in reservesin the non-site fidelity scenario, as fish would suffer mortality when they attended nonprotected<strong>spawning</strong> aggregations.• Conversely, if fish are faithful to <strong>spawning</strong> sites, conservation benefits are attained oneffort redistribution, but at lower levels than when effort disappears.• However, the effects of effort redistribution on sex ratio for the protogynous grouperpopulation were negative. At high effort levels and with a relatively large fraction of<strong>spawning</strong> sites protected by NTRs, sex ratio at fished <strong>spawning</strong> sites would be moreheavily female-biased than if the same level of effort was applied in the fishery withoutany NTRs.3. Conservation effects of protecting all <strong>spawning</strong> aggregations using NTRs• If all <strong>spawning</strong> aggregations are protected by NTRs, conservation benefits occur anddo not differ much if effort disappears or is redistributed. This is because, under thisassumption, all effort would be directed towards non-<strong>spawning</strong> periods and areas wherecatchability is much lower. Therefore, even the addition of redistributed effort on non<strong>spawning</strong>fish does not affect SSBR to a large degree.• There are greater conservation benefits for groupers than rabbitfish, since in the former,aggregation formation is associated with much larger increases in relative catchability.• The benefits for male groupers are also higher than those for females – as males spendlonger times aggregating, total closure of <strong>spawning</strong> sites increases SSB for males to alarger extent than for females.117
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The designation of geographical ent
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Chapter 1: IntroductionJan Robinson
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limited, subsistence levels of expl
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NTRs for spawning aggregations usin
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al. 2003). Verification may include
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a fraction of spawning sites are pr
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Chapter 3: Targeted fishing of the
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verifying spawning aggregations, we
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(a)(b)Fig. 3. Spatial patterns ofca
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pooled sizes of the three spawning
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found S. sutor contributed up to 44
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2011b). However, observations of fi
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MethodsTo identify seasonal and lun
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n=199Females GSI (mean ± SE)2.521.
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The estimate of size at maturity in
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This study was designed to verify S
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were selected. Fish selected for ta
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The number of traps increased on th
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Of the 9 tagged fish detected by re
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Fig. 7. Diel patterns ofdetection f
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Spawning aggregation site fidelity
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Chapter 6: Shoemaker spinefoot rabb
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anterior of the anus and below the
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A high percentage (80.8%) of depart
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arrivals and departures at these tw
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are typically applied for reef fish
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(a)(b)(c)Chapter 3, Figure 3. Spati
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(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Chapter 7, Table
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Chapter 12, Fig. 1 Fraction of fema
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Plates 8. Selected photographs from
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MethodsStudy sitesThe study area wa
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- Page 136 and 137: ReferencesAbunge C (2011) Managing
- Page 138 and 139: Cox DR (1972) Regression models and
- Page 140 and 141: Grüss A, Kaplan DM, Hart DR (2011b
- Page 142 and 143: Kaunda-Arara B, Rose GA (2004a) Eff
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