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for Poverty Alleviation and Food Security. Rome, 27–30 October 2009. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report. No.930. Rome, FAO. 68p.FAO (2012). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture – 2011. FAO Rome. http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2727e/i2727e00.htmFerguson DE, Landreth HF (1966) Celestial Orientation of Fowler’s Toad Bufo fowleri. Behaviour 26:<strong>10</strong>5-123Ferguson DE, Landreth HF, Turnipseed MR (1965) Astronomical Orientation of the Southern Cricket Frog, Acrisgryllus. Copeia:58-66Fernandes L, Day J, Lewis A, Slegers S, Kerrigan B and co-authors (2005) Establishing representative no-take areasin the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas. Conservation Biology1733–1744.Ferreira BP, Hostim-Silva M, Bertoncini AA, Coleman FC, Koenig CC (2012) Case study 12.4 Atlantic GoliathGrouper - Epinephelus itajara pp 417-422 In: Sadovy de Mitcheson Y, Colin PL (eds.) Reef Fish SpawningAggregations: Biology, Research and Management. Fish & Fisheries Series Volume 35.Foale, S, Adhuri D, Alino P, Allison E, Andrew N, Cohen P, Evans L, Fabinyi M, Fidelman P, Gregory C, Stacey N,Tanzer J, Weeratunge N (2012) Food security and the Coral Triangle Initiative. Marine Policy http://dx.doi.org/<strong>10</strong>.<strong>10</strong>16/ j.marpol.2012.05.033Fox R (2009) Movement patterns and habitat use of rabbitfishes (f: Siganidae) on the Great Barrier Reef as a link toecosystem function. Mid-year Report on Access to the AATAMS Facility 2008-09 School of Marine and TropicalBiology, James Cook UniversityFox RJ, Bellwood DR (2011) Unconstrained by the clock? Plasticity of diel activity rhythm in a tropical reef fish, Siganuslineatus. Functional Ecology 25 (5): <strong>10</strong>96–1<strong>10</strong>5Froese R, Pauly D (2003) (Eds.) FishBase. Available from: , version 13 February 2004.Fulton E, Kault D, Mapstone B, Sheaves M (1999) Spawning season influences on commercial catch rates: computersimulations and Plectropomus leopardus, a case in point. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56:<strong>10</strong>96–1<strong>10</strong>8Gafny S, Gasith A, Goren M (1992) Effect of water level fluctuation on shore <strong>spawning</strong> of Mirogrex terraesanctae(Steinitz), (Cyprinidae) in Lake Kinneret, Israel. Journal of Fish Biology 41:863-871Gaines SD, Lester SE, Grorud-Colvert K, Costello C, Pollnac R (20<strong>10</strong>) Evolving science of marine reserves: Newdevelopments and emerging research frontiers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science <strong>10</strong>7:18251-18255Gell FR, Roberts CM (2003) Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends Ecol Evol 18:448-455Gerhardinger L, Carvalho Marenzi R, Andrade Bertoncini Á, Pereira Medeiros R, Hostim-Silva M (2006) Localecological knowledge on the goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (Teleostei: Serranidae) in Southern Brazil. NeotropicalIchthyology 4:441-450Gibran FZ (2007) Activity, habitat use, feeding behavior, and diet of four sympatric species of Serranidae (Actinopterygii:Perciformes) in southeastern Brazil Neotropical Ichthyology 5:387-398Gomon MF, Glover CJM, Kuiter RH (1994) The fishes of Australia’s south coast. State Print, Adelaide, AustraliaGovernment of Kenya (2007) The Fisheries Act (Cap. 378) - The Fisheries (Beach Management Unit) Regulations, 2007.Legal Notice No. 402, Kenya Subsidiary Legislation 2007: 2181-2213Graham NAJ, Wilson SK, Jennings S, Polunin NVC, Robinson J, Bijoux JP, Daw TM (2007) Lag effects in the impactsof mass coral bleaching on coral reef fish, fisheries, and ecosystems. Conserv Biol 21:1291-1300Grandcourt EM (2002) Demographic characteristics of a selection of exploited reef fish from the Seychelles: preliminarystudy. Marine and Freshwater Research 53:123-130Grandcourt EM, Cesar HSJ (2002) The bio-economic impact of mass coral mortality on the coastal reef fisheries of theSeychelles. Fisheries Research 60:539-550Grandcourt EM, Al Abdessalaam TZ, Francis F, Al Shamsi A (2004) Population biology and assessment of representativeof the family Carangidae Carangoides bajad and Gnathanodon speciosus (Forsskal, 1775) in the Southern ArabianGulf. Fish Res 69:331-341.Grant S, Berkes F (2007) Fisher knowledge as expert system: a case from the longline fishery of Grenada, the easternCaribbean. Fish Res 84:162–170Grimsditch GD, Salm RV (2006) Coral reef resilience and resistence to bleaching. IUCN/TNC. Gland, Switzerland.pp.52Grüss A, Kaplan DM, Guenette S, Roberts CM, Botsford LW (2011a) Consequences of adult and juvenile movementfor marine protected areas. Biol Conserv 144:692-702131
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The designation of geographical ent
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Chapter 1: IntroductionJan Robinson
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limited, subsistence levels of expl
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NTRs for spawning aggregations usin
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al. 2003). Verification may include
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a fraction of spawning sites are pr
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Chapter 3: Targeted fishing of the
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verifying spawning aggregations, we
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ecorded from inshore close to the c
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(a)(b)Fig. 3. Spatial patterns ofca
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pooled sizes of the three spawning
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found S. sutor contributed up to 44
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2011b). However, observations of fi
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MethodsTo identify seasonal and lun
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n=199Females GSI (mean ± SE)2.521.
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The estimate of size at maturity in
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This study was designed to verify S
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were selected. Fish selected for ta
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The number of traps increased on th
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Of the 9 tagged fish detected by re
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Fig. 7. Diel patterns ofdetection f
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Spawning aggregation site fidelity
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Chapter 6: Shoemaker spinefoot rabb
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anterior of the anus and below the
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A high percentage (80.8%) of depart
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arrivals and departures at these tw
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are typically applied for reef fish
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(a)(b)(c)Chapter 3, Figure 3. Spati
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(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Chapter 7, Table
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Chapter 12, Fig. 1 Fraction of fema
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Plates 8. Selected photographs from
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MethodsStudy sitesThe study area wa
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which shelved gently ( ca. 25 o ) t
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Fig. 4. Lunar periodicity in number
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Behaviour and appearanceDescription
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eported aggregations forming betwee
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The sizes of E. fuscoguttatus aggre
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Materials and methodsStudy area and
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TL. All fish tagged were considered
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