WIOMSA-CORDIO spawning book Full Doc 10 oct 13.pdf

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Co-editorsJan RobinsonSeychelles Fishing Authority, Fishing Port,Victoria,Mahé, Seychelles; andARC Centre of Excellence for Coral ReefStudies, James Cook University, Townsville,Queensland, Australiajanrobinson71@gmail.comMelita SamoilysCORDIO East AfricaPO Box 24562Nairobi 00502, Kenyawww.cordioea.netmelita.samoilys@gmail.comContributing Authors and InstitutesSeychelles Fishing Authority, Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, SeychellesGregory Berke, Jude Bijoux, Calvin Gerry, Jan RobinsonCORDIO East Africa, P.O.BOX 10135, Mombasa 80101, KenyaHussein Alidina, Nyaga Kanyange, Denis Macharia, George Waweru Maina, Kennedy Osuka,Melita SamoilysInstitute of Marine Sciences, Mizingani Rd, P.O Box 668 Zanzibar TanzaniaNarriman JiddawiKenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, 80100, KenyaSimon AgembeInstitut de Recherche pour Développement (IRD), UMR 212, Victoria, Mahé, SeychellesLaurent DagornInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR EME 212 (IRD/Ifremer/UniversiteMontpellier 2), Centre de Recherche Halieutique Méditerranéenne et Tropicale, Avenue Jean Monnet,B.P. 171, 34203 Sete cedex, FranceArnaud Grüss, David KaplanPhoto creditsAll photos © M. Samoilys with the following exceptions:G.W. Maina – Plates 1 & 2, Chapter 3.J. Robinson - Plate 8 (iii), colour pagesD. Macharia – Plate 8 (iv), colour pagesN. Spencer – Plate 8 (v), colour pagesK. Macintyre Plate 8 (vi) colour pagesvi
Chapter 1: IntroductionJan Robinson, Melita Samoilys and Kennedy OsukaThe vital role of small-scale fisheries for poverty alleviation and food security is beginning to receivemuch needed global attention, particularly in the face of climate change (Allison et al. 2009; FAO2010, 2012). Numerous challenges must be overcome if this role is to be maintained, especiallyin much of the developing world where there is a high level of dependency on marine resources(Mangi et al. 2007; Béné et al 2010). Coral reefs typically support small-scale fisheries that arehighly complex in terms of species targeted, gears used, management systems applied, degree ofsocietal dependency and markets supplied (Munro and Williams 1988; Polunin and Roberts 1996;McClanahan and Mangi 2004). Moreover, it is now recognised that sustaining such complexfisheries requires the adoption of an integrated socio-ecological systems approach that explicitlyincorporates the numerous socio-economic drivers and pressures determining how societies interactwith reef ecosystems (Bellwood et al. 2004; Cinner et al. 2009; Gutiérrez et al. 2011; Salomonet al. 2011).The response of coral reef ecosystems to human interaction is dependent on an equally multifacetedsystem of ecological (e.g. interactions among species, such as competition) and biologicalprocesses (e.g. natural mortality, reproductive output) (Hughes 1994; Jennings and Lock 1996;Wilson et al. 2006). However, for many reef fishes, biological processes are not well understood orare often overlooked in conservation and management measures, such as no-take marine reserves(Sale et al. 2005; Kaplan 2009). While it is clearly impractical to design and implement managementmeasures for all species in diverse coral reef ecosystems, an understanding of key biologicalprocesses for vulnerable, commercial or functionally important taxa can assist in designing moreeffective management interventions.The wide-ranging life histories and behavioural traits of socio-economically important coral reefspecies create considerable complexity in the management of their fisheries. A critical aspect thatinfluences the responses of reef fishes to human impacts, including management, is reproduction.In combination with other vital life cycle rates (i.e. growth and survival), reproductive outputdetermines, to a large extent, the vulnerability of populations to exploitation (Dulvy et al. 2004;Fig 1. Numbersof species thatare known toform spawningaggregations in9 commerciallyimportant coralreef fish families.Adapted fromTable 1 of Sadovyde Mitcheson et al.2008.Patrick, et al. 2010). Reproduction has a profound influence on the productivity, behaviour andmobility of reef fishes. For example, age at maturity, which is negatively related to productivity(Denney et al. 2002), ranges from less than a few months to more than 10 years among commerciallyexploited reef fish species (Froese and Pauly 2003. http://www.fishbase.org). Behavioural1
Page 4: The designation of geographical ent
Page 12 and 13: limited, subsistence levels of expl
Page 14: NTRs for spawning aggregations usin
Page 17 and 18: al. 2003). Verification may include
Page 19 and 20: a fraction of spawning sites are pr
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 3: Targeted fishing of the
Page 23 and 24: verifying spawning aggregations, we
Page 25 and 26: ecorded from inshore close to the c
Page 27 and 28: (a)(b)Fig. 3. Spatial patterns ofca
Page 30 and 31: pooled sizes of the three spawning
Page 32 and 33: found S. sutor contributed up to 44
Page 34 and 35: 2011b). However, observations of fi
Page 36 and 37: MethodsTo identify seasonal and lun
Page 38 and 39: n=199Females GSI (mean ± SE)2.521.
Page 40 and 41: The estimate of size at maturity in
Page 42 and 43: This study was designed to verify S
Page 44 and 45: were selected. Fish selected for ta
Page 46 and 47: The number of traps increased on th
Page 48 and 49: Of the 9 tagged fish detected by re
Page 50 and 51: Fig. 7. Diel patterns ofdetection f
Page 52 and 53: Spawning aggregation site fidelity
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6: Shoemaker spinefoot rabb
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anterior of the anus and below the
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A high percentage (80.8%) of depart
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arrivals and departures at these tw
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are typically applied for reef fish
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(a)(b)(c)Chapter 3, Figure 3. Spati
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(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Chapter 7, Table
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Chapter 12, Fig. 1 Fraction of fema
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Plates 8. Selected photographs from
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MethodsStudy sitesThe study area wa
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which shelved gently ( ca. 25 o ) t
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Fig. 4. Lunar periodicity in number
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Behaviour and appearanceDescription
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eported aggregations forming betwee
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The sizes of E. fuscoguttatus aggre
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Materials and methodsStudy area and
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TL. All fish tagged were considered
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Lunar timing of arrivals and depart
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Fig. 8. The presence and absence of
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aggregation fishing. This critical
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Chapter 9: Persistence of grouper (
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ResultsBetween 2003 and 2006, the c
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Fig. 2. Mean (± standard error, SE
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A few species (e.g. Epinephelus gut
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(a)(b)Fig. 1. Map of (a) study site
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Fig. 2. Number of E. lanceolatus ob
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was having any impact on the popula
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A spawning aggregation is said to o
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Chapter 11: Evaluation of an indica
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Table 1 Aggregation fisheries asses
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the lists of Jennings et al. (1999)
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with the more vulnerable labrids an
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The remaining serranid populations
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Spawning aggregation behaviour is c
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tiger grouper, Mycteroperca tigris:
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of protecting the normal residence
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• Since grouper males are afforde
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Fig. 2 Yield-per-recruit normalized
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The approaches identified above are
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during full moon periods. Siganus s
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model, many parameter estimates are
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ReferencesAbunge C (2011) Managing
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Cox DR (1972) Regression models and
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Grüss A, Kaplan DM, Hart DR (2011b
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Kaunda-Arara B, Rose GA (2004a) Eff
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Newcomer RT, Taylor DH, Guttman SI
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Sancho G, Petersen CW, Lobel PS (20
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Appendix 1. QuestionnaireMASMA SPAW
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8. Spawning aggregation knowledgeUs
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Example items KSh Furthest site Clo
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Appendix II. Experimental testing o
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Clove oil concentrationAt a concent
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Appendix III. Application of acoust
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