WIOMSA-CORDIO spawning book Full Doc 10 oct 13.pdf

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Verification of fish spawning aggregations and aggregation-based fisheriesFig. 1 A conceptual process and methodological model for assessment of the management and conservation implicationsof spawning aggregation-based fisheries. Process stages and methods are shown in white and light grey boxes, respectively.The dark grey boxes represent categories of management measures assessed: direct refers to no-take reserves,indirect refers to non-spatial management measures (e.g. seasonal sales ban), and fishery measures are gear-based orspatially explicit for non-spawning fish (i.e. no-take reserves in non-reproductive home range areas). Chapters incorporatingindividual or suites of methods are given in brackets. FSA = fish spawning aggregation.To justify any restrictions on spawning aggregation-based fisheries, it is necessary to verify thata population forms spawning aggregations and that those aggregations are fished. Spatial (e.g.MPAs) and temporal restrictions (e.g. seasonal sales bans), or a combination of both, are the mostcommonly applied management measures for aggregation-based fisheries (Rhodes and Warren-Rhodes 2005; Sadovy and Domeier 2005; Russell et al. 2012). Temporal measures (e.g. salerestrictions during the spawning season) require information on spawning periodicity, accountingfor any inter-annual and site-specific variation in this parameter. Spatial management measuresrequire verification of aggregation formation at specific sites, accounting for any intra- or interannualvariation in their distribution. Therefore, as a minimal requirement, the project aimed atproviding information for these key parameters. Aggregation formation required verification acrossall sites (Table 1), based on previous reports of aggregation fishing at the sites (i.e. Samoilys et al.2006; Kimani 2007). Likewise, information on spawning and aggregation periodicity was requiredat those sites for which it was lacking (Table 1).Spawning aggregation verification is achieved through confirmation of aggregation formation(change in abundance or density) and reproductive activity using established guidelines (Colin et8
al. 2003). Verification may include direct (i.e. gamete release) or indirect (e.g. courtship, colourchanges) observations of reproductive behaviour (Fig. 1). Verification of aggregation fishing isalso required, which is achieved through a combination of fisher knowledge surveys and directsobservations of fishing activity on spawning aggregations. Fishers may be directly targetingaggregations or may be taking fish incidentally while targeting other species. However, spawningaggregations that are reported during fisher knowledge surveys tend to be targeted rather thanfished incidentally (e.g. Robinson et al. 2004; Samoilys et al. 2006).Table 1. Site-specific summary of prior knowledge on critical biological and physical parameters for spawning aggregation-basedfisheries studied in the project and the methods/tools applied for each fishery in the current programme.‘Partial’ denotes that gaps remained in prior knowledge or that some information was collected in the current studythough methods could not be fully implemented.Country Kenya Kenya Zanzibar Seychelles SeychellesLocation Msambweni Diani-Chale Kizimkazi SW Praslin FarquharSpeciesSiganus sutorEpinephelusfuscoguttatusEpinepheluslanceolatusSiganus sutor Epinephelus spp #.Prior knowledgeVerification No No No Partial YesSpawning: seasonality 1 Yes No No Yes NoSpawning: lunar 2 No No No Yes YesAggregation: timing 3 No No No Partial YesAggregation: duration 4 No No No Partial PartialResidency time 5 No No No No PartialSite fidelity 6 No No No No PartialCatchment area 7 No No No No NoMethods appliedFisher knowledge survey Yes Yes Yes No NoCatch assessment survey Yes Yes Yes No NoEffort mapping Yes No No No NoReproductive studies Yes No Partial No NoUnderwater visual census Yes Yes No* Yes YesAcoustic telemetry Yes No* No Yes YesIndicator-based assessment Yes Yes Yes Yes YesNo-take reserves model No No No Yes Yes#: Epinephelus polyphekadion and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus1: Seasons/months of spawning derived from analysis of annual time-series of gonad samples2: Lunar days/period of spawning derived from analysis of weekly/daily time-series of gonad samples3: Timing of aggregation formation, including onset, peak and dispersal (months of year, weeks/lunar days ofmonth)4: The duration of spawning aggregations (hours, days, weeks)5: Residency time: time individual fish reside at aggregations, including arrival/departure times; relates to aggregationturnover6: Site fidelity is the fidelity fish show to individual spawning sites on seasonal (i.e. between months) and interannualscales7: Catchment area is the source area or identification of source reefs for fish attending an aggregation*= attempted but unsuccessful9
Page 4: The designation of geographical ent
Page 9: Chapter 1: IntroductionJan Robinson
Page 12 and 13: limited, subsistence levels of expl
Page 14: NTRs for spawning aggregations usin
Page 19 and 20: a fraction of spawning sites are pr
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 3: Targeted fishing of the
Page 23 and 24: verifying spawning aggregations, we
Page 25 and 26: ecorded from inshore close to the c
Page 27 and 28: (a)(b)Fig. 3. Spatial patterns ofca
Page 30 and 31: pooled sizes of the three spawning
Page 32 and 33: found S. sutor contributed up to 44
Page 34 and 35: 2011b). However, observations of fi
Page 36 and 37: MethodsTo identify seasonal and lun
Page 38 and 39: n=199Females GSI (mean ± SE)2.521.
Page 40 and 41: The estimate of size at maturity in
Page 42 and 43: This study was designed to verify S
Page 44 and 45: were selected. Fish selected for ta
Page 46 and 47: The number of traps increased on th
Page 48 and 49: Of the 9 tagged fish detected by re
Page 50 and 51: Fig. 7. Diel patterns ofdetection f
Page 52 and 53: Spawning aggregation site fidelity
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 6: Shoemaker spinefoot rabb
Page 56 and 57: anterior of the anus and below the
Page 58 and 59: A high percentage (80.8%) of depart
Page 60 and 61: arrivals and departures at these tw
Page 62 and 63: are typically applied for reef fish
Page 64 and 65: (a)(b)(c)Chapter 3, Figure 3. Spati
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(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)Chapter 7, Table
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Chapter 12, Fig. 1 Fraction of fema
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Plates 8. Selected photographs from
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MethodsStudy sitesThe study area wa
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which shelved gently ( ca. 25 o ) t
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Fig. 4. Lunar periodicity in number
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Behaviour and appearanceDescription
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eported aggregations forming betwee
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The sizes of E. fuscoguttatus aggre
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Materials and methodsStudy area and
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TL. All fish tagged were considered
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Lunar timing of arrivals and depart
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Fig. 8. The presence and absence of
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aggregation fishing. This critical
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Chapter 9: Persistence of grouper (
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ResultsBetween 2003 and 2006, the c
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Fig. 2. Mean (± standard error, SE
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A few species (e.g. Epinephelus gut
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(a)(b)Fig. 1. Map of (a) study site
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Fig. 2. Number of E. lanceolatus ob
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was having any impact on the popula
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A spawning aggregation is said to o
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Chapter 11: Evaluation of an indica
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Table 1 Aggregation fisheries asses
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the lists of Jennings et al. (1999)
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with the more vulnerable labrids an
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The remaining serranid populations
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Spawning aggregation behaviour is c
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tiger grouper, Mycteroperca tigris:
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of protecting the normal residence
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• Since grouper males are afforde
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Fig. 2 Yield-per-recruit normalized
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The approaches identified above are
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during full moon periods. Siganus s
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model, many parameter estimates are
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ReferencesAbunge C (2011) Managing
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Cox DR (1972) Regression models and
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Grüss A, Kaplan DM, Hart DR (2011b
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Kaunda-Arara B, Rose GA (2004a) Eff
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Newcomer RT, Taylor DH, Guttman SI
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Sancho G, Petersen CW, Lobel PS (20
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Appendix 1. QuestionnaireMASMA SPAW
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8. Spawning aggregation knowledgeUs
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Example items KSh Furthest site Clo
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Appendix II. Experimental testing o
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Clove oil concentrationAt a concent
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Appendix III. Application of acoust
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