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Dunning, J. H., & Lundan, S. 2008. Multinational enterprises and the global economy. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Economist Intelligence Unit. 2011. GCC Trade and Investment Flows: The Emerging-Market Surge. How, W. & Yeoh, C. 2007. The Internationalization of Singapore's State-Enterprise Networks in the context of Asia's Transborder Industrialization: Further Evidence from Indonesia, Vietnam and China. Journal of Asian Business. 23(1): 1-25. How, W., Yeoh, C. & Neo. S. 2012. Asia in the Middle East: The Internationalization of Singapore Private Firms into the GCC, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(8): IE Singapore. 2007. Singapore International 100 Ranking - Latest Results Unveiled. Singapore: IE Singapore. International Enterprise Singapore. 2007/2008. Beyond Singapore: Opportunities and Challenges for Singapore Companies Going Overseas (Special Issue on Middle East). International Enterprise Singapore. 2011/2012. Internationalization Survey: Corporate Sentiments Towards Internationalization. Janardhan, N. 2011. Boom amid Gloom: The Spirit of Possibility in the 21st Century Gulf. Ithaca: United Kingdom. Singapore Economic Development Board. 1995. Regionalization 2000. World Bank & International Finance Corporation. 2009. Doing Business in the Arab World 2010. Yeoh, C., Cai, J.L. & Koh, C.S. 2004. Singapore’s regionalization blueprint: a case of strategic management, state enterprise network and selective intervention, Journal of Transnational Management Development, 9(4):13-36. Yeoh, C., How, W. & Sim, V. 2006. "Re-engineering economic space: the case of Singapore’s transborder industrialization ‘gambits’ in Asia", Journal of Asia Business Studies, 1(1): 34-45. Yeoh, C. & How, W. 2011. The Internationalization of Singapore’s State Enterprise Network: Notes from Singapore’s Gambits in the Gulf Region, World Journal of Management, 3(1): 134-145. Yeoh, C., How, W. & Wong, J. 2011. Singapore’s Venture into the Gulf: Undiscovered Treasure or Empty Pot?, Journal of Economics and Behavioural Studies, 3(5): 317-325. Young, R. 2011. The Gulf Region in the Global Economic Context. Gulf Research Centre: United Arab Emirates. www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 09, July-2013 Page 70
A Comparative Study of Gross NPA of Nationalized Banks and New Private Sector Banks Abstract:- Dr. Tanmaya Kumar Pradhan, Dept of Economics, NM Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sijua, Patrapada, Khandagiri, Bhubaneswar, Odisha -751019 Gross NPA of both Nationalised Banks and New Private Sector Banks exhibit an increasing trend except the year 2008 in Nationalised Banks and 2010 in New Private Sector Banks. The study is based on the secondary data. The scope of the study is limited to five years data. The study is related to Nationalised Banks and New Private Sector Banks. KEYWORDS:- NPA, NATIONALISED BANK, NEW PRIVATE SECTOR, 1. Introduction:- NPAs beyond a certain level are indeed cause for concern for everyone involved because credit is essential for economic growth and NPAs affect the smooth flow of credit. Banks raise resources not just on fresh deposits, but also by recycling the funds received from the borrowers. Thus, when a loan becomes non-performing, it affects recycling of credit and credit creation. Apart from this, NPAs affect profitability as well, since higher NPAs require higher provisioning, which means a large part of the profits needs to be kept aside as provision against bad loans. Therefore, the problem of NPAs is not the concern of the lenders alone but is, indeed, a concern for policy makers as well who are involved in putting economic growth on the fast track. In India due to the social banking motto, the problem of bad loans did not receive priority from policy makers initially. However, with the reform of the financial sector and the adoption of international banking practices the issue of NPAs received due focus. Thus, in India, the concept of NPA came into the reckoning after reforms in the financial sector were introduced on the recommendations of the Report of the Committee on the Financial System (Narasimham, 1991) and an appropriate accounting system was put in place. Broadly speaking, NPA is defined as an advance where payment of interest or repayment of installment of principal (in case of term loans) or both remains unpaid for a certain period. In India, the definition of NPAs has changed over time. According to the Narasimham Committee Report (1991),those assets (advances, bills discounted, overdrafts, cash credit etc.) for which the interest remains due for a period of four quarters (180 days) should be considered as NPAs. Subsequently, this period was reduced, and from March 1995 onwards the assets for which the interest has remained unpaid for 90 days were considered as NPAs. 2.Objectives:- (i) To determine Gross NPA of Nationalised Banks and New Private Sector Banks (ii) To estimate Gross Advances of Nationalised Banks and New Private Sector Banks (iii) To study the rationalisation of interest rates (iv) To examine Dimensions of Bank Transformation & Internet Banking (v) To analyse future agenda of banking sector reforms 3.Methodology:- The study is based on the secondary data. The scope of the study is limited to five years data. The study is related to Nationalised Banks and New Private Sector Banks. www.theinternationaljournal.org > RJEBS: Volume: 02, Number: 09, July-2013 Page 71
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