robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)
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6 Al-Qastell<strong>an</strong>i, X, 342 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 34).<br />
7 An-Nasa'i, 1:143 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 34–35).<br />
8 Kitab al-Kharaj, 43, 10; Muslim, 5:287; ad-Darimi, 70; <strong>an</strong>-Nasa'i, 1:229; Ibn Maja, 18 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 37).<br />
9 Nabia Abbott, Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, Volume II: Qur'<strong>an</strong>ic Commentary <strong>an</strong>d Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago<br />
Press, 1967), 7–11. On the controversy over writing down hadiths, see Michael Cook, “The Opponents of the Writing of Traditions in Early<br />
Islam,” Arabica 44 (1977): 437–530.<br />
10 Patricia Crone <strong>an</strong>d Martin Hinds, God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge<br />
University Press, 1986), 62.<br />
11 Al-Ya‘qubi, 2:264 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 38).<br />
12 Safwat, Rasa'il, 2:177 (quoted in Crone <strong>an</strong>d Hinds, God's Caliph, 62).<br />
13 Crone <strong>an</strong>d Hinds, God's Caliph, 64.<br />
14 Ibid.<br />
15 Abu Dawud, book 14, no. 2744; cf. Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 42.<br />
16 Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, fol. 84b, ed. Hyderabad, 309 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 204–5).<br />
17 Al-Khatib, Taqyid, 107 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 47).<br />
18 As-Suyuti, Ta'rikh, 106, 22; 109, 17 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 106).<br />
19 Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 452; Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, tr<strong>an</strong>s. Michael Fishbein (Alb<strong>an</strong>y: State University of New<br />
York Press, 1997), vol. 8, 11.<br />
20 Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 452.<br />
21 Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 8, 12.<br />
22 Yaqut, 3:242f (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 122).<br />
23 Ibn Maja, 102 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 45). On the value of a prayer in Mecca, Medina, <strong>an</strong>d Jerusalem, see M. J. Kister,<br />
“You Shall Set Out for Three Mosques: A Study of <strong>an</strong> Early Tradition,” Le Muséon 82 (1969): 173–96.<br />
24 At-Tabari, vol. 2, 112 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 44).<br />
25 M<strong>an</strong>aqib al-Ansar, no. 40; Riqaq, no. 51; Muslim, Im<strong>an</strong>, no. 360; Musnad Ahmad, vol. 3, 9, 50, 55 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim<br />
Studies, 105).<br />
26 Ibn Hajar, 1:59 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 110).<br />
27 Quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 113.<br />
28 Ad-Damiri, vol. 2, 400 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 114).<br />
29 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 4, book 55, no. 2741; cf. Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 114.<br />
30 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 5, book 62, no. 3675.<br />
31 Ibid., no. 3677.<br />
32 Agh., VII, 13 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 118).<br />
33 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 5, book 62, no. 3699.<br />
34 Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 514; cf. Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 120.<br />
35 Agh., 19:54; Yaqut, 4:93 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 53–54).<br />
36 Fragm. hist. arab., 198 (quoted in Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 107).<br />
37 Goldziher, Muslim Studies, 108.<br />
38 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 1, book 4, no. 157.<br />
39 Ibid., book 19, no. 158.<br />
40 Ibid., no. 159.<br />
41 Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Sahih Muslim, tr<strong>an</strong>s. Abdul Hamid Siddiqi (New Delhi: Kitab Bhav<strong>an</strong>, 2000), book 23, no. 5017.
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