robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

Muhammad and, 2, 7, 24–28, 41, 48, 191, 205; Muslims and, 205; Qur'an and, 41, 48. See also Arabian Empire
Arabian Empire: Arabian conquerors and, 7; cultural influence of, 2; growth of, 2, 71; Islam and, 12, 28, 100–106; paganism and, 28–30, 158,
182; political theology of, 207–9; polytheism and, 28; unification of, 6, 20, 28, 46, 204, 214. See also Arabian conquest
Arabic, 36–37, 171, 206; Allah and, 145; alphabet of, xi, 162, 185; Islam and, 100–106; Qur'an and, 143–60, 162, 185, 210
Arabic calendar, 98
Arabs, 13; as Hagarians, 30–31; monotheism and, ix; monotheism in, 57; as Muslims, 30–35; paganism and, ix, 28–30
Aramaic, 14
Arberry, A. J., 151
archaeology: Arabian conquest and, 7; early Islam and, ix; Muhammad, historicity of and, ix
Arius, 179
Armenia, xiii, 204
Ar-Ridwan pledge of allegiance, 75
Asbab an-Nuzul (al-Wahidi), 65
Ash'ath, Al-, 190
Asim an-Nabil, 78
Athanasius II, 29, 30
Azami, Muhammad Mustafa, 82–83
Baha'is, 18
Bahira, 95–96
Bal'ami, 147
baptism, 26, 35, 152
bar Penkaye, John, xv, 35
Bashear, Suliman, 9
Battle of Badr, 75, 194
Battle of the Camel, 65
Battle of Hunayn, 196
Battle of Karbala, xvii
Battle of Muta, 117, 119–21
Battle of Siffin, 189–92
Battle of Tours, xv
Battle of the Trench, 93
Battle of Yamama, xiii, 134, 187
Baydawi, Abdullah al-, 130, 159
believers, 17, 18, 45, 64, 69, 78, 81, 110, 123, 146, 204, 213–15
Bell, Richard, 138–42, 183–84
Bible, 31, 148, 182
bin Hudhafa bin Qais bin Adi, Abdullah, 64
bin Yahya as-Saji, Zakariya, 78
bin Yazid al-Asari, Tabit, 48, 49
bin Zaid, Abdullah, 77
Book of History and Campaigns (al-Waqidi), 92
Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ismail al-, 77, 79–82, 110–12
Bulliet, Richard, 105
Bultmann, Rudolf, 4
Byzantine Empire, 20, 179, 204, 207, 210, 216
Byzantines, xiii, 20, 27–28, 207
Caesarea, 20