robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

49 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Islam, 214.
50 Luxenberg, “Christmas in the Koran.”
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid.
53 Ibid.
54 Reynolds, “Introduction,” 17.
55 Luxenberg, “Christmas in the Koran.”
56 Ibid.
57 Ibid.
Chapter 9: Who Collected the Qur'an?
1 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 6, book 66, no. 4987.
2 Ibid., book 65, no. 4784.
3 Powers, Muhammad Is Not the Father, 159.
4 Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 17, “The First Civil War,” trans. G. R. Hawting (Albany: State University
of New York Press, 1996), 29.
5 Ibid., 34.
6 Ibid., 37.
7 Ibid., 78.
8 Ibid., 79.
9 Ibid., 79.
10 Ibid., 81.
11 Ibid., 82.
12 Ibid., 85–86.
13 See Small, Textual Criticism, 15–27, for useful summary descriptions of some of the principal early Qur'anic manuscripts.
14 Lester, “What Is the Koran?”
15 Gilchrist, Jam' Al-Qur'an.
16 François Déroche, La transmission écrite du Coran dans les débuts de l'islam: Le codex Parisino-petropolitanus (Leiden: Brill,
2009), is a fascinating study of an early Qur'anic manuscript, Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF) Arabe 328, which he combines with
other manuscripts that he establishes came from the same original, consisting of sections of suras 2 through 72. Déroche contends that this
manuscript, which does not contain most diacritical marks, dates from between 670 and 720. The scholar Andrew Rippin, in reviewing
Déroche's book, notes: “To Déroche, the evidence of the manuscript suggests that the account of the ‘Uthmanic collection and production of a
master set of manuscripts to be distributed across the new empire simply cannot be historically accurate. The purported goal of ‘Uthman could
not have been accomplished, given the realities of the orthography available at the time; the variants found in this copy of the text suggest that
a unified text was also not achieved that early.” See Andrew Rippin's book review, “La Transmission écrite du Coran dans les débuts de
l'islam: Le Codex Parisino-petropolitanus (Book review),” Journal of the American Oriental Society 129:4 (2009), 706(3). See also Small,
Textual Criticism, 21.
17 Arthur Jeffery, “A Variant Text of the Fatiha,” in Ibn Warraq, The Origins of the Koran, 145–46.
18 Jeffery, “Variant Text,” 146–47.
19 Ibn Warraq, Virgins?, 221.
20 Ibid., 222.
21 Ibid., 223.
22 Ibid., 219.