robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)
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37 Crone, Mecc<strong>an</strong> Trade, 174.<br />
38 See Ibid., 172–76. She notes that Mecca was “added by way of afterthought only” in al-Azraqi's account of pilgrimages in pre-Islamic<br />
Arabia. She declares, “It is thus reasonable to conclude with [biblical scholar Julius] Wellhausen that Mecca was not <strong>an</strong> object of pilgrimage in<br />
pre-Islamic times” (Crone, Mecc<strong>an</strong> Trade, 176).<br />
Chapter 5: The Embarrassment of Muhammad<br />
1 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 6, book 65, no. 4480.<br />
2 Jalalu'd-din al-Mahalli <strong>an</strong>d Jalalu'd-din as-Suyuti, Tafsir al-Jalalayn, tr<strong>an</strong>s. Aisha Bewley (London: Dar al-Taqwa, 2007), 904.<br />
3 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 9, book 97, no. 7420.<br />
4 Ibid., vol. 6, book 60, no. 311.<br />
5 Ibid., vol. 7, book 67, no. 5134.<br />
6 Ibid., vol. 5, book 63, no. 3894.<br />
7 Ibid., vol. 4, book 56, no. 2977.<br />
8 Ibid., vol. 7, book 76, no. 5727; cf. online edition, vol. 8, book 82, nos. 794–97.<br />
9 Ibn Sa‘d, Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir, tr<strong>an</strong>s. S. Moinul Haq <strong>an</strong>d H. K. Ghaz<strong>an</strong>far (New Delhi: Kitab Bhav<strong>an</strong>, n.d.), vol. I, 439.<br />
10 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 1, book 4, no. 229. Parenthetical material was added by the tr<strong>an</strong>slator, not by the present author.<br />
11 Ibid., vol. 4, book 59, no. 3295.<br />
12 Ibid., no. 3292.<br />
13 Ibid., no. 3289.<br />
14 Ibid., no. 3303.<br />
15 Ibid., no. 3320.<br />
16 Muslim, Sahih Muslim, book 23, no. 5113.<br />
17 David S. Powers, Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet (Philadelphia: University of<br />
Pennsylv<strong>an</strong>ia Press, 2009), 9, 25.<br />
18 Ibid., 72.<br />
19 Ibid.<br />
20 Ibid., 73.<br />
21 Ibid., 91.<br />
22 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 5, book 64, no. 4468.<br />
23 Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari, vol. 10, “The Conquest of Arabia,” tr<strong>an</strong>s. Fred M. Donner (Alb<strong>an</strong>y: State<br />
University of New York Press, 1993), 16–17.<br />
24 The Chronicle of Theoph<strong>an</strong>es Confessor: Byz<strong>an</strong>tine <strong>an</strong>d Near Eastern History, A.D. 284–813, tr<strong>an</strong>s. Cyril M<strong>an</strong>go <strong>an</strong>d Roger<br />
Scott (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), 466–67 (quoted in Powers, Muhammad Is Not the Father, 82–83).<br />
25 Ibn Ishaq, The Life of Muhammad, 532.<br />
26 Ibid., 532–35.<br />
27 Powers, Muhammad Is Not the Father, 84.<br />
28 Ibid., 78.<br />
29 Ibid., 78–79.<br />
30 Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari, vol. 8, book 78, no. 6063.<br />
31 Ibid., vol. 7, book 76, no. 5765.<br />
32 Ibid.
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