robert spencer-did muhammad exist__ an inquiry into islams obscure origins-intercollegiate studies institute (2012) (1)

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Lammens, Henri, 9, 11 Last Supper, 170–75 Leo III the Isaurian, 199 Leo XIII, Pope, 5 Lewis, Bernard, 12 libertinism, 113 Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of Hegina, A (Muir), 10 Lisan al-Arab (The Language of the Arabs), 185 literalism, 5 Lot, 115 Lüling, Günter, 9, 13–14, 166, 172–73, 177, 178, 180–82 Luxenberg, Christoph, 9, 14, 54, 55, 155, 165–70, 173–75, 183, 184 Macbeth, King of Scotland, 7, 214 Mahdi, al-, 71 Mahdi, Muhammad ibn Mansur al-, 78 Mahgrayé, 36 Mahmet, 31–32, 34 Makhul, 70 Malik ibn Anas, xv, 59, 71, 82, 88, 198–99 Mamun, al-, 164 Mansur, al-, 71 Margoliouth, David S., 9, 89, 90 marriage, 109–17, 140–41 martyrdom, 14, 120, 168, 211 Marwan ibn Abi Hafsa, 78 Marwan ibn al-Hakam, 189 Mary (mother of Jesus), xv, 18, 45, 51, 115, 156, 167 Matthew, Gospel of, 22, 97 Maududi, Syed Abul Ala, 127 Mecca, 13, 30, 33, 34, 48, 72, 94, 101, 102, 103, 104–5 Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (Crone), 13 Medina, 48, 64, 65, 71, 73, 76, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102, 106, 120, 147, 204 Messenger of God, 17–18 Messiah, xv, 18, 20, 21, 36, 45, 51, 167, 179 Methodists, 5 Mhmt, 23 Middle East, 6, 13, 63, 195 Mingana, Alphonse, 9, 155–56 miracles, 4, 94–95 Mohammed der prophet, sein Leben und sein Lehre (Muhammad the Prophet, His Life and His Teaching) (Weil), 9 monotheism, 47, 207; Abrahamic, 209; Arab, ix, 34, 57; Muawiya and, 33–34, 49, 57; Muhammad and, 102, 106, 203 Monothelitism, 56 Moses, 17, 31, 34, 49, 54, 61, 115 Mother of the Book (umm al-kitab), 126 Motzki, Harald, 83 Muawiya, 206; Battle of Siffin and, 189–92; caliphate of, xiv, xvii, 41; coinage and inscriptions and, xiv, 41–42, 46, 47–48, 49, 50; Constantine, letter to of, xiv, 33–34, 207; factionalism and Hadith and, 72–73; monotheism and, 49, 57; Qur'an, standardization of and, 85–86
Mufid, Sheikh al-, 81 Mughira, al-, 73 Muhajirun, 33, 36, 59, 92, 195, 205 Muhammad, 46–47; absence of mention of, 17–39, 41, 42, 49, 63, 205; Arabian conquest and, 2, 7, 24–28, 41, 48, 191; as Arab prophet, 100–106; archaeological evidence of, ix; authority of, xv, 35, 210; canonical account of, ix, 6–7, 22, 109, 205–7, 212–13; coinage and inscriptions and, xiv, xv, 42–46, 46–47, 52–53; death of, xiii, 2, 21, 22, 205; Doctrina Jacobi and, 22–23; embarrassment of, 107–24; example of, 6, 67–72; existence of, ix–xi, 1–3, 6–8, 214–17; family of, xvi, xvii; first mention of, 206; forgetfulness of, 131–34, 212; Hadith and, xi, xv, 10, 11, 19, 68–72; Hijra of, 48–49, 73, 92, 93, 147, 204, 222; historical impact of, 1–2, 7; historical scrutiny and, 6–8; historicity of, ix–xi, 1–3, 9–10, 109–14; Ibn Ishaq's biography of, ix, xv, 19, 46, 87–106; inventing, 63–86; Islam, founding of and, ix, 2, 6; Islamic law and, 67, 68, 71, 88; Islamic practice and, 68, 70; Islamic theology and, 67; Islamic tradition and, ix, 10, 67, 117; legend and, 2, 6–8, 19, 210–11; magic and, 121–23; as Messenger of God, xv, 18–19, 21, 52–53, 56, 58, 98, 114, 213; monotheism and, 102, 106, 203; non-Arabic sources of information on, 146–47; non-Muslim sources of information about, 31–34, 41; personality of, 6, 90–91, 123–24; political theology of, 208–9; polygamy of, xvi, 109–17; revelations of Qur'an to, xiii, 3, 18, 125, 127, 128–30, 131–34, 157; satanic verses and, 89–90; as Seal of the Prophets, 18, 114–17, 212; as teacher, 6; Zaynab, marriage to and, 109–19 “Muhammad and the Origins of Islam” (Renan), 1 Muhammad at Mecca (Watt), 2, 99 Muhammad at Medina (Watt), 2, 99 Muir, William, 10, 126–27 Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Qushayri, 77 Muslims: absence of mention of, 30, 31, 33, 205; Arabian conquest and, 205; in Europe, xv; first mention of, xv, 35–36; historical scrutiny and, 3; Jews and, 33–34; Muhammad and, ix, 6; paganism and, 29; Quraysh and, 102–3; Spain, conquest of by, xv; Treaty of Hudaibiya and, 75; Wars of Apostasy (632–633) and, 28 Muwatta, 71, 82 Nativity, 183–85 Nestorian synod, 28, 29 Nevo, Yehuda, 9 Newman, John Henry Cardinal, 145 New Testament, 4, 9, 37, 45, 54, 145, 166 Night of Power, al-Qadr, 183–84 Nixon, Richard, ix, xi Noah, 115, 156 Nöldeke, Theodor, 9, 150–51 non-Muslims: dhimmitude and, 27–28; Muhammad, existence of and, 6; as source of information about Muhammad, 31–34, 41 North Africa, xiv, 6, 63, 195, 196, 204 obedience, 18, 69–70, 204 Old Testament, 37, 166 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History, The (Hart), 1 On the Heresies (John of Damascus), 36 Ottoman Empire, 216 Pact of Umar, 27–28 paganism, 158; animal sacrifice and, 29, 30; Arab, ix, 28–30, 182; Greco-Roman, 207; Islam and, ix; Muslims and, 29 Palestine, xiii, xiv, 21, 46, 47–48 Paradise, 14, 21, 22, 108, 126, 148, 168–70, 183 Paret, Rudi, 171 party of Ali, 73 People of the Book, 51, 55, 140, 158, 159, 213. See also Christianity; Judaism Persia, xiv, 6 Persian Empire, 20, 210 Persians, xiv, 20, 34, 207
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DID MUHAMMAD EXIST? An Inquiry into
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Dedicated to all those who do not f
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Contents Foreword by Johannes J. G.
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scholars will not be interested in
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650s-660s: Arabian conquest of Nort
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Muhammad and His Family, According
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Introduction
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historicity of Muhammad. Although t
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No one knows, for it has never rece
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Some of the bold scholars who have
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Influenced by this, the historians
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1
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ut this could apply to any of the Q
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Was That Muhammad? In light of all
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leader as the “devil.” It is un
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them, reprimand them, warn them, an
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was not even able to save himself f
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of polemical hyperbole or using a t
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2
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encountering some mention of Islam,
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The first biographer of Muhammad, I
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Allah [is] great in greatness and g
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This Qur'anic material is the earli
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that orthodox theologians produced
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Arabic language, he was eloquent an
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3
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The same can be said of an explanat
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“anyone who establishes in Islam
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But with Muhammad held up as an exe
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When Ibn Umar says that yes, he did
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these are known as as-Sahih as-Sitt
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was self-contradictory or absurd on
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latter's “godlessness and opposit
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Switching On the Full Light of Hist
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Ibn Ishaq's Reliability So are thes
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Muhammad's virtues, or a combinatio
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Jansen administers the coup de grâ
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Central to Islam, therefore, is the
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(Nor, for that matter, do Muslim hi
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5
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The problem with the third option i
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years of age. 6 The earliest Islami
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elationship, the Qur'an also has Ma
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einforced the point that Muhammad h
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“worked on Allah's Apostle so tha
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The Unchanging Qur'an Changes The Q
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during the eighth and ninth centuri
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did not worry over such matters, wh
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Rajam be inflicted on him who commi
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telling indications that it has bee
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ut suddenly verses 238 and 239 inte
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The Non-Arabic Arabic Qur'an A Book
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“We know indeed that they say,
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Puin explains: “The Koran claims
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a person dies, his Book (of deeds)
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The Syriac influence is not restric
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To provide the new religion with it
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What the Qur'an May Have Been A Clu
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An Islamic scholar writing late in
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Luxenberg states that if Qur'an “
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symbolism of the wine of Paradise.
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Syriac connection, has revealed—c
Page 126 and 127: unbelievers, may say, “What did G
Page 128 and 129: gods except the Creator of all, nor
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Page 134 and 135: who have been true in their covenan
Page 136 and 137: for them to brandish. Nor is it eve
Page 138 and 139: The First Mention of the Qur'an If
Page 140 and 141: Uthman approved did not survive, ev
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Page 144 and 145: years after its birth, Islam has re
Page 146 and 147: The realm of political theology, th
Page 148 and 149: The real proliferation of material
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Page 152 and 153: Notes Introduction: The Full Light
Page 154 and 155: 34 Ibid., 63-64 (= Patrologia Greca
Page 156 and 157: 6 Al-Qastellani, X, 342 (quoted in
Page 158 and 159: 7 Arthur Jeffery, “The Quest of t
Page 160 and 161: Chapter 6: The Unchanging Qur'an Ch
Page 162 and 163: 29 Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir, v
Page 164 and 165: 49 Nevo and Koren, Crossroads to Is
Page 167 and 168: Further Reading There is a great de
Page 169 and 170: Acknowledgments I could not have wr
Page 171 and 172: Muhammad and, 2, 7, 24-28, 41, 48,
Page 173 and 174: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Ephraem
Page 175: Islamic calendar, 48-49, 204 Islami
Page 179 and 180: Rosenthal, Franz, 154 Ruqayya (daug
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