Armed and insecure

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with the transformation of S-75 surface to air missile kits into self-propelled systems. 464 Ethiopia had significant North Korean assistance in establishing its manufacturing facilities, ties that to some extent may continue today and have given rise to speculations about it violating the embargo against the Asian country. 465 Another plant established with North Korean support was reportedly “originally built to manufacture AK-47s and light machine guns” but has since been “upgraded to produce ‘40mm grenade launchers and other automatic weapons attached on armoured vehicles and helicopters’ as well as ‘heavy artillery and howitzers’”. 466 Though it reportedly repairs military vehicles and aircraft for some neighbours, Ethiopia does not appear to have exported any major conventional arms in the last decade. 467 Given its limited production capabilities, the country procures much of its larger and more sophisticated perceived military and security needs from abroad, as summarised below. SMALL ARMS SALW imports were rather plentiful: 24 countries transferred at least some SALW, ammunition and/or parts and accessories to Ethiopia between 2010 and 2015. 468 While many of these were relatively small, others countries were responsible for a significant influx of arms into Ethiopia. The sale of parts and accessories of firearms also stands out. Of course, as in the case of ammunition, Ethiopia’s security forces hold an enormous number of guns that need to be repaired and, seemingly, fired. The following countries could be described as Ethiopia’s largest providers of small arms. Israel transferred almost USD 1.25 million in ‘bombs, grenades, ammunition, mines and others’ in 2010. In 2012 alone, the Czech Republic delivered almost EUR 2.4 million in heavy military firearms and 64 units of large calibre artillery. Between 2011 and 2013, Bulgaria delivered a combined total of around EUR 5.3 million in heavier military firearms, over EUR 2 million worth of ‘ammunition and fuse setting devices’ and EUR 3.35 million in ‘bombs, torpedoes, rockets, missiles’ or other explosives. China transferred over USD 4.5 million (165 tons) of ‘parts and accessories’ for shotguns or rifles, USD 652,892 in ‘military rifles/machine guns’ and 1.7 tons of shotgun cartridges between 2010 and 2012. This level of trade indicated a significant dip, as between 2006 and 2010 Ethiopia was the world’s largest recipient of Chinese ‘military SALW’, importing over USD 16 million worth “shortly after a joint Chinese–Ethiopian declaration on the need to enhance cooperation in the fields of military technologies, peacekeeping and military training”. 469 464 IHS Jane’s, ‘Ethiopia turns S-75 SAMs into self-propelled systems’, May 2016. 465 Possibly by continuing to procure parts and components: 38 North, ‘Is Ethiopia Violating UN Sanctions against North Korea’, December 2014, http://38north.org/2014/12/aberger122314/. 466 Ibid. 467 SIPRI, ‘Arms Transfers Database’, www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers. Regarding SALW exports, we learn from the NISAT-PRIO (http://nisat.prio.org/) data that Ethiopia actually exported a small amount between 2010 and 2012. 468 Data in this section are from NISAT-PRIO (http://nisat.prio.org/), unless otherwise noted. 469 Bromley, Duchâtel, Holtom, ‘China’s export of small arms light weapons’, October 2013, http://books.sipri.org/files/PP/SIPRIPP38.pdf. 104 PAX ! Armed and insecure
Table 5. Arms transfers to Ethopia 2010-2015 Supplier Weapons delivered Transfer Comments China (10) Type-89/ZSD-89 Armoured Personnel 2013 Carriers (20) WZ-551 Armoured Personnel Carriers 2012-14 (1) HQ-64 Surface to Air Missile System 2013 (75) PL-11/FC-60 Beyond Visual Range Missiles 2013 For use with HQ-64 France 12 ACMAT ‘Bastion’ Armed Personnel Carriers To be delivered in 2016 Hungary 12 Mi-24V/Mi-35 Combat helicopters 2013 Second-hand Russia 8 Mi-8MT/Mi-17 Transport helicopters 2010 Reported as combat helicopters Serbia 64 D-30 122mm Towed guns (or 122mm 2012 Probably second-hand; via Bulgaria Howitzers) Ukraine 4 BTS-5B Armoured Recovery Vehicles 2011 Second-hand, possibly modernised (1250) Combat Anti-tank missiles (or ‘guided 2012-13 For use with T-72 tanks shells’) 139 T-72UA1 (or T-72E1) Tanks 2012-14 Second-hand; modernised T-72s 72 T-72B1 Tanks 2011 Second-hand United States 1 C-130E Hercules Transport Aircraft 2014 Second-hand; possibly loan Source: SIPRI’s Arms Transfers Database: http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers (data generated in June 2016) SIPRI only covers ‘major conventional weapons’ excluding e.g. small arms and artillery under 100mm calibre as well as their ammunition, unguided rockets and missiles, free-fall aerial munitions, as well as military trucks. Note: data between brackets are unconfirmed. Arms Embargoes Ethiopia’s war with Eritrea brought with it a few arms embargoes between 1999 and 2001. Upon the deflagration of hostilities, the UNSC adopted Resolution 1227 in February 1999 in which it strongly urged “all States to end immediately all sales of arms and munitions to Ethiopia and Eritrea”. 470 In May 2000, “deeply disturbed by the continuation of fighting between Eritrea and Ethiopia”, the Security Council adopted Resolution 1298, a full and legally-binding embargo that was in force for a year. 471 In parallel, and also to assist in the implementation of the UN ban, the European Union imposed an embargo that was also lifted in May 2001, but 470 UNSC, ‘Resolution 1227 (1999)’, http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/eritrea_non-mandatoy/1227. 471 UNSC, ‘Resolution 1298 (2000)’, http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/un_arms_embargoes/eritreaethiopia/1298. PAX ! Armed and insecure 105
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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MSF NISAT-PRIO OCHA OHCHR RECSA RPG
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Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
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Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
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Saudi Arabia Map 2 Horn of Africa S
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unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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corruption, Somalia ranks last in t
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A few lessons learned can be mentio
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1. Sudan Once the continent’s lar
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iggest perpetrator of this type of
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documented, a few of which will be
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The relentless bombing and constant
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107mm mortars, as well as reportedl
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weapon systems are Russia, China, U
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small arms and light weapons (SALW)
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ocket launchers are also promoted.
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which they deemed ineffective. 124
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Spotlight: Children killed and maim
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© Enough / Amanda Hsiao South Suda
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!Abyei South Sudan Juba The Sudanes
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“Hundreds of extra-judicial killi
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embargo on South Sudan. 161 In earl
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implement” the remainder of the c
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the UN Firearms Protocol on small a
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conflict situations or homicides. 7
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For example, SIPRI has been unable
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weapons have been acquired is often
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To the governments of Horn of Afric
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Godebaldkwartier 74 3511 DZ Utrecht
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