Armed and insecure

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Weapon Use Because of Al-Shabaab, Kenya has appeared more than once among the world’s 15 countries most affected by explosive violence since 2010. Related to this, Kenya was ranked among the 20 nations most affected by terrorism in 2014. 364 Kenya suffered 18 recorded incidents of explosive violence during 2011. 365 This number almost doubled in 2012, pushing Kenya up to the number nine spot of most affected countries in the world. Kenya’s 35 incidents that year resulted in casualties of 418 civilians, who made up 88 per cent of the victims. 366 Another 18 incidents occurred in 2013. 367 The same number in 2014 rendered Kenya the world’s 14 th most affected country that year, with 265 casualties, 98 per cent of whom were civilians.368 In 2015, Kenya was no longer in the top 15; nonetheless, 11 incidents of explosive violence were recorded. 369 Concerning weaponry such as landmines and other munitions, Kenya was one of the 25 countries in the world that had anti-vehicle mine incidents in 2015, with a total of five recorded blasts. 370 Between 1999 and the end of 2014, Kenya had recorded 45 people killed by landmines and explosive remnants of war; over 1,000 were injured. Of the 29 casualties in 2011, 22 were children, and in 2012 a “British World War II-era bomb killed a six-year-old boy”. While no casualties occurred in 2013, in 2014 six people were injured and a six-year-old boy was killed “by an explosive device near a military training field” in Baringo; local residents noted a landmine had been left behind by Kenya’s armed forces. 371 Military Spending and Holdings Kenya’s levels of military expenditure have been remarkably stable for the last two decades. Neither one of Africa’s smallest spenders nor one of its largest, Kenya’s military expenditures have not fallen outside the range of 1.2 to 2.0 per cent of its GDP since 1991. More recently, after four years at 1.9 per cent (2008-2011), relative expenditures have dropped, reaching 1.5 per cent of GDP (or 5.4 per cent of all government spending) in 2015. However, in terms of value (and reflecting a growing economy) spending has increased each year from 364 Vision of Humanity, ‘Terrorism index 2014’, www.visionofhumanity.org/#/page/indexes/terrorism-index/2014. 365 AOAV, ‘Monitoring Explosive Violence, EVMP Dataset 2011’, http://aoav.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/EVMP-dataset-2011.pdf, 2012. 366 AOAV, ‘An Explosive Situation, Monitoring explosive violence in 2012’, March 2013, http://aoav.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/An-Explosive-Situation- Explosive-Violence-in-2012.pdf. 367 AOAV, ‘Explosive events, Monitoring Explosive Violence in 2013’, April 2014, http://aoav.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/AOAV-Explosive-Events-2013.pdf. 368 AOAV, ‘Explosive States, Monitoring Explosive Violence in 2014’, Augustus 2014, https://aoav.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/AOAV-Explosive-Statesmonitoring-explosive-violence-in-2014.pdf. 369 AOAV, ‘Monitoring Explosive Violence in 2013’, June 2015, https://aoav.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Unacceptable-Harm-AOAVs-Explosive- Violence-Monitor-2015.pdf. 370 SIPRI, ‘Global Mapping and Analysis of Anti-vehicle Mine Incidents in 2015’, April 2016, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Global-mapping-AVM-2015- Mar2016.pdf. 371 Landmine and Cluster Munitions Monitor, ‘Kenya, Casualties and Victim Assistance’, http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2016/kenya/casualtiesand-victim-assistance.aspx; KTN, ‘Six year old killed after stepping on a landmine in Baringo’, February 2014, www.standardmedia.co.ke/ktnhome/video/ watch/2000074629/-six-year-old-killed-after-stepping-on-a-landmine-in-baringo. 86 PAX ! Armed and insecure
2009, reaching USD 954 million in 2015. 372 Observers have questioned whether increases in investment are wise in the light of systemic problems of integrity in the security sector: “endemic corruption, in particular, is a huge blight on the success of Kenya’s security agencies in countering terrorism [...] donor governments must realise that pouring more money into the security agencies will not solve internal ethical and professional deficiencies”. 373 Concerning stockpiles, according to ‘The Military Balance 2010’ Kenya’s army held 188 tanks, over 90 units each of reconnaissance and armoured personnel carriers, and 115 units of artillery (including 11 multiple rocket launchers and 62 mortar systems); its navy had 11 patrol and coastal combatants; and aircraft included 42 combat capable aircraft and 47 helicopters, in addition to two missile systems. Kenya’s 24,000 active members of the armed forces have an estimated 45,828 firearms, holdings that are larger only than Djibouti’s in the Horn of Africa, and are only slightly higher than the number of guns held by Kenyan police (42,000). 374 Arms Transfers Kenya’s arms imports between 2010 and 2015 were significant. In addition to an ongoing military relationship with China, Nairobi has more recently begun to receive major equipment from the US, particularly for aerial surveillance purposes—including drones—and other anti-terrorism efforts. 375 While Kenya is a smaller buyer of Russian and Eastern European major weapons than other Horn of Africa nations, recent purchases from Serbia could signal a shift. 376 Kenya has also invested substantially in its maritime capabilities in procurements from European countries, rendering its navy “the best equipped force on the East African coast”, with a view to protecting its 500-kilometre coastline, particularly from Somalia-launched piracy. 377 The absence of Israel in the list may be deemed surprising considering the active military diplomacy 372 SIPRI Military Expenditure Database, https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRI-Milex-data-1988-2015.xlsx. Kenya’s most recent budget has been deemed its “biggest ever” in absolute terms, with around 10 per cent reportedly earmarked for military expenditure and efforts against Islamic militants through to June 2016, Wall Street Journal, ‘Kenya’s Budget Tries to Bolster Security Against Terrorism’, June 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/kenyas-budget-tries-tobolster-security-after-recent-terrorism-1434044633. 373 ISS, ‘To fight terrorism, fight corruption first’, October 2015, www.issafrica.org/iss-today/to-fight-terrorism-fight-corruption-first. 374 Small Arms Survey, ‘Trickle and Torrent: State stockpiles’, in ‘Small Arms Survey 2006: Unfinished Business’, www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A- Yearbook/2006/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2006-Chapter-02-EN.pdf; Gun Policy, ‘Compare Eritrea, Number of Military Firearms’, www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/ compare/60/military_firearms/51,94,348,165,175,189,62; IISS, ‘The Military Balance 2010’. 375 In 2016 China has reportedly added 30 Norinco VN4 4x4 armoured vehicles to Kenya’s police forces, DefenceWeb, ‘Kenya’s police receive Norinco VN4 armoured vehicles’, February 2016, www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42285:kenyas-police-receive-norinco-vn4- armoured-vehicles&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105. US companies are also reportedly the main modernisers of military equipment heading to Kenya. More US aircraft may be on their way, DefenceWeb, ‘US exploring possibility of providing Huey helicopters to Kenya’, March 2016, http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index. php?option=com_content&view=article&id=42783:us-exploring-possibility-of-providing-huey-helicopters-to-kenya&catid=124:military-helicopters&Itemid=282 ; East African, ‘Nairobi joins Uganda in arms shopping spree‘, January 2012, http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Nairobi-joins-Uganda-in-arms-shoppingspree-/-/2558/1305958/-/g41udb/-/index.html; Defence News, ‘Kenya Gets US Funds for Counterterror War’, August 2015, http://www.defensenews.com/story/ defense/international/mideast-africa/2015/08/06/kenya-gets-us-funds-counter-terror-war/31209675/. 376 East African, ‘Kenya purchases $29m weapons from East Europe’, March 2015, http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Kenya-buys--29m-military-weaponsfrom-Russia-ally/-/2558/2663146/-/item/2/-/132fpl3/-/index.html. 377 DefenceWeb, ‘Kenya to receive long-delayed offshore patrol vessel KNS Jasiri’, February 2012, http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_conte nt&view=article&id=23341:kenya-to-receive-long-delayed-offshore-patrol-vessel-kns-jasiri&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106. PAX ! Armed and insecure 87
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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MSF NISAT-PRIO OCHA OHCHR RECSA RPG
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Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
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Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
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Saudi Arabia Map 2 Horn of Africa S
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unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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corruption, Somalia ranks last in t
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A few lessons learned can be mentio
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1. Sudan Once the continent’s lar
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iggest perpetrator of this type of
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documented, a few of which will be
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The relentless bombing and constant
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107mm mortars, as well as reportedl
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weapon systems are Russia, China, U
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small arms and light weapons (SALW)
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Page 38 and 39: which they deemed ineffective. 124
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Page 42: © Enough / Amanda Hsiao South Suda
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Page 62 and 63: 3. Uganda With a population slightl
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and extended it until October 2015,
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SMALL ARMS Because of the embargo,
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supplying enemy lines, as it has be
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consignment” seized on the MV Sha
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© US DoD / Staff Sgt. Joseph Araiz
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Djibouti Djibouti nation’s mariti
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killed. 689 Regardless, the history
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the launching-pad for drone surveil
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use of major weapons in Djibouti—
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the UN Firearms Protocol on small a
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conflict situations or homicides. 7
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For example, SIPRI has been unable
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weapons have been acquired is often
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To the governments of Horn of Afric
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Godebaldkwartier 74 3511 DZ Utrecht
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