Armed and insecure

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in the category ‘military electronics’ (Category XI), which covers products in the electronics, computer, telecommunications and avionics industries—including software—such as sonars, radars, command, control and communications systems, a ‘transfer’ clearly related to the US’s military presence. 725 SMALL ARMS Regarding small arms, in addition to minor deliveries from China, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Portugal and others (as well as a steady flow of ‘parts and accessories’ for virtually all countries mentioned in this report), some recent transactions for the period from 2010 to 2015 are noteworthy. 726 Between 2010 and 2014, Djibouti received from the United States 782 ‘military rifles/machine guns’ (worth USD 421,659), 13 units of ‘other weapons and ordnance’ at USD 264,000, 90 ‘grenade launchers/flame throwers’ (USD 95,400), 24 sporting/hunting rifles (USD 24,754) and 24 pistols/revolvers (USD 7,680). A total of five thousand ‘sporting and hunting rifles’ (at a cost of USD 1,167,000) came from Brazil in 2014. European nations, however, were the main providers of small arms to Djibouti: Denmark sold (in 2010-2011) a total of 4.7 tons of ‘bombs, grenades, ammunition’ (at USD 1,243,783), while 1.55 tons of the same type of weaponry came between 2010 and 2012 from France (for USD 309,752). Djibouti bought a total of 502 pistols (USD 208,235), 50 shotguns (USD 22,945), 821 ‘sporting or hunting rifles’ (USD 807,921) and 1.89 tons of ‘small arms ammunition’ (USD 471,537) from Italy between 2010 and 2013, while Malta delivered 27 pistols (USD 12,041), 2,621 shotguns (around USD 3 million), 25 sporting/hunting rifles (USD 67,885) and over USD 609,000 in ‘small arms ammunition’ between 2010 and 2014. Turkey was also a significant seller in 2012 and 2013, with a total of 6,517 shotguns (USD 602,767), 750 sporting/hunting rifles (USD 74,418), 13 tons in ‘bombs, grenades, ammunition’ (USD 129,067) and USD 215,278 in small arms ammunition. Finally, the United Kingdom sent a massive quantity of small arms to Djibouti between 2010 and 2013: a total of 21 heavy machine guns, 2,871 assault rifles, 265 ‘rifles and carbines’, 210 rifles, 436 ‘sporting/ hunting rifles’, 11 ‘sniper rifles’, 300 shotguns and 360 ‘revolvers/pistols’. International Arms Control Mechanisms As of June 2016, Djibouti is the only one of all the countries in the Horn of Africa that is a signatory to the Arms Trade Treaty, having joined on 3 June 2013—a peculiarity that speaks both of the small nation’s diplomatic energy and the region’s worrisome neglect of the ATT. Djibouti has ratified the Mine Ban Convention (May 1998), signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions (July 2010), and acceded to the CCW (Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, in July 1996), being bound by Protocols I, II, and III. 727 Djibouti has not signed the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development, or 725 Export.gov, http://export.gov/ ; Federation of American Scientists, ‘International Traffic In Arms Regulations -PART 121-THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST’, http://fas.org/spp/starwars/offdocs/itar/p121.htm#C-XI. 726 NISAT-PRIO database, http://nisat.prio.org/Trade-Database/Researchers-Database/. 727 UN Office of Disarmament Affairs, ‘Djibouti’, http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/s/djibouti. 154 PAX ! Armed and insecure
the UN Firearms Protocol on small arms. An assessment of Djibouti’s implementation of the UN Programme of Action on the Illicit Trade of Small Arms and Light Weapons, a political commitment, found that the nation was ranked 133 among 159 countries analysed. 728 However, at the regional level, Djibouti has signed and ratified the Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control and Reduction of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa and Bordering States, a legally-binding commitment. 729 ! Spotlight: Spillover from Yemen While the patterns of its armed violence are both opaque and relatively smallscale compared to its neighbours, conflict nearby has exacted significant impacts on Djibouti. Yemeni refugees, particularly from southern locations such as Ibb, Aden and Taiz, have flocked to the tiny African nation; some are highly educated and most suffer a difficult transition given the poor living conditions in the refugee camp in a remote area close to Obock, a four-hour drive north from the capital. 730 Despite sandstorms and temperatures as high as 50 degrees Celsius, life in Obock can compare positively to what was left behind, as many refugees are ‘deeply traumatized’ and even had troops on Yemen’s mainland fire artillery at them as their escape boats crossed the Babel-Mandeb. The US ambassador to Djibouti has praised the government, stating “they’ve saved thousands of lives. It deserves credit for opening its borders to people who had nowhere else to go”. 731 Current estimates point to around 35,000 Yemenis having arrived in Djibouti fleeing the brutal war. 732 As at May 2015, the UN had registered 1,200 Yemenis at the Markazi camp, reaching 2,800 by November, and around 3,000 at its peak. 733 A report in April 2016 noted that the influx had dropped from a high of 800 refugees per week in late 2015 to 40 a week in early 2016. Highlighting the rough conditions of the camp, which also houses Eritrean citizens who had fled that country only to be forced back because of the conflict, one Yemeni refugee stated, “either we die here, or we die there. There’s only death [...] We ask that the world helps us, and take us far from here. We want a place where 728 GunPolicy.org, ‘Djibouti - Gun Facts, Figures and the Law’, www.gunpolicy.org/firearms/region/djibouti. 729 Programme of Action Implementation Support System, ‘RESCA’, www.poa-iss.org/RegionalOrganizations/8.aspx. 730 The National, ‘Global Talk: Fleeing Yemenis seek shelter in Djibouti - EP 22’, May 2015, www.thenational.ae/world/middle-east/global-talk-fleeing-yemenisseek-shelter-in-djibouti--ep-22. 731 Deutsche Welle, ‘So near and yet so far: Yemeni refugees stuck in Djibouti’, June 2016, www.dw.com/en/so-near-and-yet-so-far-yemeni-refugees-stuck-indjibouti/a-19341128. 732 Relief Web, ‘Between a rock and a hard place: safe from war, Yemenis struggle’, April 2016, http://reliefweb.int/report/djibouti/between-rock-and-hard-placesafe-war-yemenis-struggle; The Guardian, ‘All roads lead to Djibouti as refugees flee Yemen even as migrants head there’, May 2016, www.theguardian.com/ global-development/2016/may/23/all-roads-djibouti-refugees-flee-yemen-civil-war-migrants-head-there. 733 UNHCR, ‘As fighting in Yemen intensifies, more flee to Djibouti‘, November 2015, www.unhcr.org/5643218b6.html; Deutsche Welle, ‘So near and yet so far: Yemeni refugees stuck in Djibouti’, June 2016, www.dw.com/en/so-near-and-yet-so-far-yemeni-refugees-stuck-in-djibouti/a-19341128. PAX ! Armed and insecure 155
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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MSF NISAT-PRIO OCHA OHCHR RECSA RPG
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Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
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Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
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Saudi Arabia Map 2 Horn of Africa S
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unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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corruption, Somalia ranks last in t
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A few lessons learned can be mentio
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1. Sudan Once the continent’s lar
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iggest perpetrator of this type of
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documented, a few of which will be
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The relentless bombing and constant
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107mm mortars, as well as reportedl
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weapon systems are Russia, China, U
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small arms and light weapons (SALW)
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ocket launchers are also promoted.
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which they deemed ineffective. 124
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Spotlight: Children killed and maim
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© Enough / Amanda Hsiao South Suda
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!Abyei South Sudan Juba The Sudanes
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“Hundreds of extra-judicial killi
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embargo on South Sudan. 161 In earl
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implement” the remainder of the c
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thought to have been considerable,
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Equatorian leaders complained to th
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Spotlight: An Armed Newborn—Pre-i
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3. Uganda With a population slightl
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civil disobedience”—led to anot
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against the arrest and beating of a
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nonetheless killed 725 civilians in
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Concerning major weapons systems, t
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SU-30s do not appear to meet any ob
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the aim of offsetting the North’s
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Spotlight—Uganda and South Sudan:
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© Pete Lewis / UK DFID Refugee she
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Kenya Nairobi largest city), which
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end of 2014; the remaining cases ar
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them. 355 A few days later, 36 work
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2009, reaching USD 954 million in 2
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380 381 FN PRODUCTION Kenya has a s
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of USD 16,305 in small arms ammunit
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One fascinating investigative repor
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5. Ethiopia Among the largest and m
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the secession and autonomy efforts
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Ethiopian security forces have kill
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while providing limited hardware, t
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Page 108: © David Stanley Military equipment
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