Armed and insecure

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which they deemed ineffective. 124 According to Brian Wood, Amnesty’s arms trade expert, “China and Russia are selling arms to the Government of Sudan in the full knowledge that many of them are likely to end up being used to commit human rights violations in Darfur”. Similar patterns were revealed by former members of the UN Panel of Experts on Sudan who resigned in 2012, complaining about the standards of competence and neutrality on the Panel. In a damning analysis of the embargo’s ineffectiveness, one of the three notes: “Reports submitted by the Panel under its different compositions since 2005, provide a wide sample of concrete examples of transfers of military equipment standing as clear breaches of the provisions contained in the embargo, by both the Sudanese Government and the rebel movements”. 125 The Panel of Experts, which usually reports every year on the Darfur embargo, has continued to mention embargo violations. The UN Panel of Experts has frequently reported violations of the embargo, including transfers of weapons into Darfur, as well as offensive air operations. In the February 2014 report they write: “Various sanctions violations were identified, including, highly probably, the transfer of Antonov An-26 aircraft by the Sudan into Darfur when subsequently used in an improvised bomber role. Furthermore, violations of the arms embargo by the Sudan, which could now be characterized as ‘routine’, were also identified through the regular rotation of Sukhoi Su-25 attack/close air support jets and Mi-24 attack helicopters to an aviation maintenance facility near Khartoum and then back to Darfur.” 126 Its 2015 report notes “the use of the Rakhsh armoured personnel carrier in Darfur; a certain violation of the arms embargo by the Government of the Sudan”. 127 Twenty of these Iran-made vehicles were reportedly supplied to Sudan in 2005 and 2006, subsequent to the adoption of the UN embargo. 128 At the national and regional levels, arms embargoes have been in place for much longer. The US government has suspended all exports of defence articles or services to Sudan since 1992, as it considers Sudan to be “a country which has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism”. 129 In 1994, the European Union embargoed arms supplies to Sudan in response to the civil war in the south. In 2004, that embargo was expanded to include technical and financial assistance related to arms supplies. 130 In July 2011, the EU embargo was amended to extend to both Sudan and newly independent South Sudan (see also the chapter on South Sudan). Its most recent version is from July 2014. 131 124 Amnesty International, ‘Darfur: New weapons from China and Russia fuelling conflict’, February 2012, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2012/02/ darfur-new-weapons-china-and-russia-fuelling-conflict/. 125 Afronline, ‘The Embargo on Darfur: A Disappointing Experience”, May 2012, http://www.afronline.org/?p=24460; extensive further analysis in: Small Arms Survey, ‘Forgotten Darfur: Old Tactics and New Players’, HSBA, July 2012. 126 UNSC, ‘Report of the Panel of Experts on the Sudan’, S/2014/87, February 2014, p. 3. 127 UNSC, ‘Report of the Panel of Experts on the Sudan’, S/2015/31, January 2015, p. 3. 128 UNSC, ‘Report of the Panel of Experts on the Sudan’, S/2015/31, January 2015, p. 26. 129 US Federal Register: Vol. 57, No. 213, November 1992; Vol.59, No. 64, April 1994; and Vol. 76, No. 217, November 2011. 130 http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/sudan. 131 EU Council Decision 2014/450/CFSP, July 2014. 38 PAX ! Armed and insecure
International Arms Control Mechanisms Sudan has a mixed record in terms of its participation in international arms control agreements. It is not a party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM), though it has been a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty since 2004. 132 Moreover, the four main armed factions operating in Sudan (JEM, SLM/A-Minni Minnawi, SLM/A-Abdul Wahid and the SPLM/A-N) have signed the Geneva Call Deed of Commitment, pledging to refrain from using anti-personnel landmines. 133 Sudan signed the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) in 1981, but has not ratified it. The country has signed neither the Arms Trade Treaty nor the UN Firearms Protocol. Yet Sudan signed the Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development in 2007, and is a member of the Nairobi Protocol, which entered into force on 5 May 2006 as a legally binding instrument and requires “national legislative measures, the strengthening of operational capacity and sufficient measures to control SALW both state-owned and in civilian possession. Other provisions cover tracing, safe disposal, transfer of SALW and brokering. The Member States agree to cooperate in terms of mutual legal assistance, law enforcement and transparency, information exchange and harmonization.” 134 ! 132 http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/the-treaty/treaty-status.aspx; http://www.icbl.org/en-gb/the-treaty/treaty-status.aspx. 133 http://www.genevacall.org/country-page/sudan/. 134 http://www.poa-iss.org/RegionalOrganizations/8.aspx. PAX ! Armed and insecure 39
Page 1 and 2: Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Page 7 and 8: MSF NISAT-PRIO OCHA OHCHR RECSA RPG
Page 9 and 10: Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
Page 11 and 12: Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
Page 13 and 14: Saudi Arabia Map 2 Horn of Africa S
Page 15 and 16: unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
Page 17 and 18: corruption, Somalia ranks last in t
Page 19 and 20: A few lessons learned can be mentio
Page 22 and 23: 1. Sudan Once the continent’s lar
Page 24 and 25: iggest perpetrator of this type of
Page 26 and 27: documented, a few of which will be
Page 28 and 29: The relentless bombing and constant
Page 30 and 31: 107mm mortars, as well as reportedl
Page 32 and 33: weapon systems are Russia, China, U
Page 34 and 35: small arms and light weapons (SALW)
Page 36 and 37: ocket launchers are also promoted.
Page 40 and 41: Spotlight: Children killed and maim
Page 42: © Enough / Amanda Hsiao South Suda
Page 45 and 46: !Abyei South Sudan Juba The Sudanes
Page 47 and 48: “Hundreds of extra-judicial killi
Page 49 and 50: embargo on South Sudan. 161 In earl
Page 51 and 52: implement” the remainder of the c
Page 53 and 54: thought to have been considerable,
Page 55 and 56: Equatorian leaders complained to th
Page 57 and 58: Spotlight: An Armed Newborn—Pre-i
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Page 62 and 63: 3. Uganda With a population slightl
Page 64 and 65: civil disobedience”—led to anot
Page 66 and 67: against the arrest and beating of a
Page 68 and 69: nonetheless killed 725 civilians in
Page 70 and 71: Concerning major weapons systems, t
Page 72 and 73: SU-30s do not appear to meet any ob
Page 74 and 75: the aim of offsetting the North’s
Page 76 and 77: Spotlight—Uganda and South Sudan:
Page 78: © Pete Lewis / UK DFID Refugee she
Page 81 and 82: Kenya Nairobi largest city), which
Page 83 and 84: end of 2014; the remaining cases ar
Page 85 and 86: them. 355 A few days later, 36 work
Page 87 and 88: 2009, reaching USD 954 million in 2
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380 381 FN PRODUCTION Kenya has a s
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of USD 16,305 in small arms ammunit
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One fascinating investigative repor
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5. Ethiopia Among the largest and m
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the secession and autonomy efforts
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Ethiopian security forces have kill
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while providing limited hardware, t
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with the transformation of S-75 sur
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had been binding since March 1999.
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© David Stanley Military equipment
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Eritrea Asmara severe drought and f
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Eritrea a ticking time-bomb? 491 Or
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Ethiopian economy and disrupted the
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Arms Transfers The imposition of th
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used, and was contaminated by, clus
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trying to run away” and “one of
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7. Somalia Somalia topped the ‘Fr
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In a 2015 global study of corruptio
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Particularly dramatic attacks occur
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Despite being dubbed “Al-Shabaab
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educed by almost half as incidents
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also been starkly criticised. 616 M
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and extended it until October 2015,
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SMALL ARMS Because of the embargo,
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supplying enemy lines, as it has be
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consignment” seized on the MV Sha
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© US DoD / Staff Sgt. Joseph Araiz
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Djibouti Djibouti nation’s mariti
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killed. 689 Regardless, the history
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the launching-pad for drone surveil
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use of major weapons in Djibouti—
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the UN Firearms Protocol on small a
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PAX ! Armed and insecure 157
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conflict situations or homicides. 7
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For example, SIPRI has been unable
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weapons have been acquired is often
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To the governments of Horn of Afric
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Godebaldkwartier 74 3511 DZ Utrecht
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