had been binding since March 1999. 472 Unlike its neighbour, however, Addis Ababa was able to shake off the sanctions—as can be seen by the arms trade Ethiopia has engaged in since. International Arms Control Mechanisms As regards its international legal <strong>and</strong> political commitments, Ethiopia signed the Geneva Declaration on <strong>Armed</strong> Violence <strong>and</strong> Development in 2007, has signed <strong>and</strong> ratified the UN Firearms Protocol, <strong>and</strong> was ranked 99 th out of 159 Member States on its implementation of the UN Programme of Action on SALW.473 Regionally, Ethiopia has signed <strong>and</strong> ratified the Nairobi Protocol on SALW.474 Ethiopia has been a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty since June 2005, but like most of the region as at June 2016, Addis Ababa has so far failed to sign the Arms Trade Treaty. 475 Likewise, Ethiopia has still not signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions, nor has it joined the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW). 476 Regarding cluster bombs, Ethiopia has reportedly expressed interest in joining but has taken no significant steps in that direction, a position that seems remarkably consistent since 2008. 477 The feet-dragging is particularly troublesome as, despite Ethiopia’s denials, “there is ample evidence that it attacked several parts of Eritrea with cluster munitions” during the border war, <strong>and</strong> that the nation’s military still possesses cluster munitions. 478 ! 472 SIPRI, ‘EU arms embargo on Eritrea <strong>and</strong> Ethiopia’, November 2012, http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/ethiopia; ‘EU Common Position 1999/206/CFSP’, March 1999, http://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/ethiopia/eu-common-position-1999-206. 473 Small Arms Survey, ‘The Programme of Action Implementation Monitor (Phase 1)’, August 2012, www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/B-Occasionalpapers/SAS-OP30-PoAIM.pdf. 474 Small Arms Survey, ‘Regional Centre on Small Arms in the Great Lakes Region, the Horn of Africa <strong>and</strong> Bordering States (RECSA)’, www.smallarmssurvey. org/tools/ro-poa/profiles-of-regional-organizations/africa/recsa.html. 475 Though it has recently violated the norm by missing deadlines, <strong>and</strong> has been advised to “significantly improve the quality <strong>and</strong> frequency of its reporting both at Mine Ban Treaty meetings <strong>and</strong> through Article 7 reports”. L<strong>and</strong>mine <strong>and</strong> Cluster Munitions Monitor, ‘Ethiopia, mine action’, www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2015/ethiopia/mine-action.aspx. 476 L<strong>and</strong>mine <strong>and</strong> Cluster Munitions Monitor, ‘Ethiopia 2015’, http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2015/ethiopia.aspx. 477 L<strong>and</strong>mine <strong>and</strong> Cluster Munitions Monitor, ‘Cluster Munitions Ban Policy’, http://www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/reports/2015/ethiopia/cluster-munition-ban-policy.aspx. 478 “Ethiopia is still believed to possess cluster munition stockpiles, including British BL755 cluster bombs, Soviet-era RBK cluster bombs containing PTAB submunitions, <strong>and</strong> Chilean CB-500 cluster bombs”: L<strong>and</strong>mine <strong>and</strong> Cluster Munitions Monitor, ‘Cluster Munitions Ban Policy’, www.the-monitor.org/en-gb/ reports/2015/ethiopia/cluster-munition-ban-policy.aspx. 106 PAX ! <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>insecure</strong>
PAX ! <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>insecure</strong> 107
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
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Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
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unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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small arms and light weapons (SALW)
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which they deemed ineffective. 124
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implement” the remainder of the c
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thought to have been considerable,
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conflict situations or homicides. 7
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weapons have been acquired is often
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