Armed and insecure

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commercial and predatory ends”. 749 In Transparency International’s 2015 Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index, of the countries analysed in this report Kenya has the ‘best’ scores with merely a ‘high’ risk of corruption, while Ethiopia and Uganda are deemed ‘very high’ and Eritrea, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan are considered ‘critical’. 750 In the absence of meaningful reforms in the areas of political representation and electoral process, latent conflicts in the Horn of Africa could become increasingly violent. Proper channels for political debate and democratic alternation in power must be nourished and protected. In fact, “lower intensity conflict is becoming more prevalent and there has been a rise in social conflict, especially anti-government violence, since 2011, combined with a rise in the level of protests and riots. Elections-related violence has also increased across Africa, even as the push for democratisation and multi-party elections has brought about significant improvement in accountability”. 751 Based on these conclusions, we offer the following recommendations to reduce levels of conflict and armed violence in the Horn of Africa. Recommendations To the United Nations and regional organisations ! Establish stricter instruments preventing arms transfers to and within the region. ! IGAD and/or RECSA should strengthen and extend the goals and impact of the Nairobi Protocol. ! Promote and support the universalisation and implementation of disarmament and arms control instruments, such as the Arms Trade Treaty, the Mine Ban Treaty, the Convention on Cluster Munitions and the Convention on Conventional Weapons. ! Explore confidence-building measures, through IGAD and/or the African Union, on issues such as reporting on military spending and arms transfers, reducing military spending, arms transfers moratoriums, use of armed forces in neighbouring countries, border disputes, and other security-related issues that would benefit from multilateral support. 749 War is Boring, ‘Africa’s Defense Industry Is the Most Corrupt in the World’, February 2016, https://warisboring.com/africa-s-defense-industry-is-the-mostcorrupt-in-the-world-30669fdb83a2 - .oo67f8dut. 750 No score was calculated for Djibouti. The index measures the risk of corruption in national defence and security establishments worldwide. The 2015 report notes that “increases in defence spending are not necessarily enhancing state security. Too often procurement decisions are taken with little reference to strategic requirements, military effectiveness is eroded by poor controls on personnel, while forces are repurposed for commercial ends”. https://government.defenceindex. org/downloads/docs/GI-Africa-results-web.pdf. 751 ISS Africa, ‘Africa needs more than just the silencing of guns’, June 2014, www.issafrica.org/iss-today/africa-needs-more-than-just-the-silencing-of-guns. 164 PAX ! Armed and insecure
To the governments of Horn of Africa nations ! Reassess and reallocate levels of military expenditure to prioritise socioeconomic investments, including health, education and infrastructure; ensure transparent military procurement processes. ! Within the security budget, reallocate funds to focus on ensuring that security forces respect human rights and due process, and other security sector reform priorities. ! Accede to and promote the universalisation and implementation of disarmament and arms control instruments, such as the Arms Trade Treaty, the Mine Ban Treaty, the Convention on Cluster Munitions and the Convention on Conventional Weapons. ! Prioritise and strengthen regional arms control mechanisms and instruments; focus in particular on strengthening RECSA; strengthen and ensure full implementation of the Nairobi Protocol. ! Prioritise and invest in an overhaul of structures and resources to prevent the diversion and trafficking of small arms, light weapons and their ammunition; make major efforts on stockpile management, stricter firearms and ammunition controls, and tackling corruption in security forces. ! Refrain from the use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and support the development of an international political instrument to reduce harm from the use of explosive weapons with wide area effects in populated areas. 752 To the governments of nations supplying arms ! Accede, ratify and strictly implement the Arms Trade Treaty, adopting its parameters and criteria even before concluding the political process to do so, supporting and enforcing the new international norm. ! In the meantime, commit to and implement transparent arms transfer decisionmaking processes that exercise maximum restraint on potential arms sales. To the governments operating armed drones ! Significantly reduce the use of armed drones in the Horn of Africa, particularly in order to avoid civilian casualties and other harm to civilians, and to avoid fostering resentment among communities and engendering support for armed groups within communities affected by drone strikes. ! With respect to any residual use of drones in the Horn of Africa, follow the Call to Action by the European Forum on Armed Drones (EFAD) to “fully, publicly and democratically debate” the legal and ethical issues regarding the use of armed drones. 753 752 International Network on Explosive Weapons, http://www.inew.org/. 753 PAX, ‘EFAD, Call to Action’, www.paxvoorvrede.nl/media/files/efad-call-to-action.pdf. PAX ! Armed and insecure 165
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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PAX ! Armed and insecure 5
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MSF NISAT-PRIO OCHA OHCHR RECSA RPG
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Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
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Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
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Saudi Arabia Map 2 Horn of Africa S
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unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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corruption, Somalia ranks last in t
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A few lessons learned can be mentio
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1. Sudan Once the continent’s lar
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iggest perpetrator of this type of
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documented, a few of which will be
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The relentless bombing and constant
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107mm mortars, as well as reportedl
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weapon systems are Russia, China, U
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small arms and light weapons (SALW)
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ocket launchers are also promoted.
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which they deemed ineffective. 124
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Spotlight: Children killed and maim
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© Enough / Amanda Hsiao South Suda
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!Abyei South Sudan Juba The Sudanes
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“Hundreds of extra-judicial killi
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embargo on South Sudan. 161 In earl
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implement” the remainder of the c
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thought to have been considerable,
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Equatorian leaders complained to th
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Spotlight: An Armed Newborn—Pre-i
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PAX ! Armed and insecure 59
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3. Uganda With a population slightl
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civil disobedience”—led to anot
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against the arrest and beating of a
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nonetheless killed 725 civilians in
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Concerning major weapons systems, t
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SU-30s do not appear to meet any ob
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the aim of offsetting the North’s
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Spotlight—Uganda and South Sudan:
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© Pete Lewis / UK DFID Refugee she
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Kenya Nairobi largest city), which
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end of 2014; the remaining cases ar
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them. 355 A few days later, 36 work
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2009, reaching USD 954 million in 2
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380 381 FN PRODUCTION Kenya has a s
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of USD 16,305 in small arms ammunit
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One fascinating investigative repor
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5. Ethiopia Among the largest and m
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the secession and autonomy efforts
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Ethiopian security forces have kill
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while providing limited hardware, t
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with the transformation of S-75 sur
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had been binding since March 1999.
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© David Stanley Military equipment
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Eritrea Asmara severe drought and f
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Page 138 and 139: SMALL ARMS Because of the embargo,
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Armed and insecure

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