Armed and insecure

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4. Kenya .enya has been called the ‘cradle of humanity’, though in recent years the cradle has often been rocked. With a population a bit larger—and a territory slight smaller— than Spain’s, Kenya leads all Horn of Africa nations in the Human Development Index, though its position (145 th) only places it on the brink of ascending from ‘low’ to ‘medium human development’.326 A major trade and logistical hub, and arguably the most stable nation in the sub-region when viewed through several governance lenses, Kenya is somewhat free in terms of its media, which has been described as “courageous and pluralistic”, ranking 95th in the 2016 World Press Freedom Index—a less-than-stellar position that nonetheless places the country in the lead among Horn of Africa countries. 327 Uhuru Kenyatta, the nation’s president since 2013 and the son of Kenya’s founding president, has presided over a country still reeling from violent political protests in 2007-2008 and increasing terrorist attacks—and the accompanying deep cuts in tourism revenues. Corruption is rampant and deep-rooted at all government and private sector levels, and its most recent electoral disputes have been suspect and violent. 328 In recent years, entanglement in the conflict in Somalia has left profound impacts on Kenya, not least of which is the massive influx of refugees that has created Dadaab, the world’s largest refugee camp (with over 350,000 Somalis, it would be Kenya’s third 326 Human Development Report, Table 1: Human Development Index and its components, http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI. 327 “Freedom of information has declined dramatically in Kenya since laws adopted in 2013 created a government-appointed body”: Reporters Without Borders, ‘Kenya’, https://rsf.org/en/kenya. 328 Kenya ranked 139 th out of 168 nations in Transparency International’s 2015 Corruption Perception Index: www.transparency.org/cpi2015/#results-table. BBC, ‘Kenya country profile’, February 2016, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13681341. 80 PAX ! Armed and insecure
Kenya Nairobi largest city), which the Kenyan government has recently threatened to close. 329 Armed Conflicts and Armed Violence Kenya flips the most common narrative in the region by witnessing greater unrest and violence over the last few years than in the decades before. Kenya’s rate of intentional homicides saw an upwards jump fairly recently: while it hovered around 3.5 per 100,000 between 2005 and 2008, the period between 2009 and 2012 had an average of almost 6 per 100,000, with the highest rate (6.4, or a total of 2,761 homicides) in 2012. 330 Interestingly, the rate for Nairobi alone between 2009 and 2012 (5.2) was lower than the national level, a fairly unusual dynamic of homicide levels being higher outside the country’s capital. From 2007 to 2012, the average yearly body counts from ‘conflict deaths’ and ‘firearm homicides’ were similar, 434 and 314 victims respectively. 331 Regarding firearm homicides, the country’s estimated high 329 The Guardian, ‘Dadaab: the city you cannot leave’, www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/feb/01/dadaab-somalia-homecannot-leave-refugees. In total, Kenya hosts around 600,000 refugees, including 178,00 in Kakuma camp and over 50,000 in urban areas, http://reporting.unhcr. org/node/2537#_ga=1.46830628.2011100404.1465458953. 330 UNODC, ‘Global Homicide Study 2013’, www.unodc.org/documents/gsh/pdfs/2014_GLOBAL_HOMICIDE_BOOK_web.pdf. Looking at ‘violent deaths’, Kenya’s average in 2007-2012 was 6.7 per 100,000. While 2012 had the second highest rate (7.2) in the period between 2004 and 2012, a spike in 2008 (9.1) had significant effects on the averages of the time series, see Geneva Declaration, ‘Global Burden of Armed Violence 2015’, May 2015, www.genevadeclaration. org/measurability/global-burden-of-armed-violence/global-burden-of-armed-violence-2015.html. 331 UNODC Global Homicide Study, 2013. PAX ! Armed and insecure 81
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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MSF NISAT-PRIO OCHA OHCHR RECSA RPG
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Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
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Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
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Saudi Arabia Map 2 Horn of Africa S
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unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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corruption, Somalia ranks last in t
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A few lessons learned can be mentio
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1. Sudan Once the continent’s lar
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iggest perpetrator of this type of
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documented, a few of which will be
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Page 32 and 33: weapon systems are Russia, China, U
Page 34 and 35: small arms and light weapons (SALW)
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Page 38 and 39: which they deemed ineffective. 124
Page 40 and 41: Spotlight: Children killed and maim
Page 42: © Enough / Amanda Hsiao South Suda
Page 45 and 46: !Abyei South Sudan Juba The Sudanes
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Page 49 and 50: embargo on South Sudan. 161 In earl
Page 51 and 52: implement” the remainder of the c
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Page 55 and 56: Equatorian leaders complained to th
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Page 62 and 63: 3. Uganda With a population slightl
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Page 76 and 77: Spotlight—Uganda and South Sudan:
Page 78: © Pete Lewis / UK DFID Refugee she
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Page 89 and 90: 380 381 FN PRODUCTION Kenya has a s
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Page 93 and 94: One fascinating investigative repor
Page 96 and 97: 5. Ethiopia Among the largest and m
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Page 108: © David Stanley Military equipment
Page 111 and 112: Eritrea Asmara severe drought and f
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Despite being dubbed “Al-Shabaab
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educed by almost half as incidents
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also been starkly criticised. 616 M
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and extended it until October 2015,
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SMALL ARMS Because of the embargo,
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supplying enemy lines, as it has be
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consignment” seized on the MV Sha
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© US DoD / Staff Sgt. Joseph Araiz
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Djibouti Djibouti nation’s mariti
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killed. 689 Regardless, the history
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the launching-pad for drone surveil
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use of major weapons in Djibouti—
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the UN Firearms Protocol on small a
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conflict situations or homicides. 7
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For example, SIPRI has been unable
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weapons have been acquired is often
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To the governments of Horn of Afric
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Godebaldkwartier 74 3511 DZ Utrecht
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