Armed and insecure

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weapon systems are Russia, China, Ukraine and Belarus, with mostly second-hand stocks from the latter two. Recent deliveries have included ground attack aircraft and helicopters, as well as rocket artillery systems and anti-tank weapons. The table below summarises the most significant transfers since 2010. Table 1. Arms transfers to Sudan 2010-2015 Supplier Weapons delivered Transfer Comments Belarus 15 Su-25 Ground attack aircraft 2008-10 Second-hand 4 Su-24 Bomber aircraft 2013 Second-hand 4 Mi-24V/Mi-35 Combat helicopters 2013-14 Second-hand 2 Mi-8T Transport helicopters 2014 Second-hand China (460) type-63 107mm Towed MRLs 2001-14 Partly produced in Sudan as TAKA (50) WZ-551/Type-92 Infantry Fighting Vehicles 2006-15 Assembled/produced in Sudan as Shateef-2 (50) Type-59D tanks 2010-15 Assembled in Sudan (450) Red Arrow-8 Anti-tank missiles 2009-12 (6) WS-1 302mm Multiple Rocket Launchers 2014 Russia (60) BTR-80A IFV 2009-10 Possibly assembled in Sudan, designation Shareef-1 (50) V-55 Diesel engines 2008-12 For modernisation of T-54/T-55 tanks (28) Mi-24P/Hind-F Combat helicopters 2011-13 Probably second-hand, modernised; 12 more ordered in 2013 (10) Mi-8MT/Mi-17/Hip-H Helicopters 2010-12 Serbia (12) Utva-75 Light aircraft 2009-13 6 possibly second-hand; some assembled/produced in Sudan as Safat-03 Ukraine 130 T-72M1 Tanks 2010-13 Second-hand 60 T-55 Tanks 2010-11 Second-hand 50 BMP-1 Infantry Fighting Vehicles 2011-13 Second-hand, possibly modernised 46 2S1 122mm Self-propelled guns 2011-13 Second-hand, possibly modernised (42) 9M14M/AT-3 Anti-tank missiles 2011 Probably second-hand; designation uncertain (reported as ‘missile and/or launcher’) 30 BM-21 Grad 122mm MRLs 2011 Second-hand 10 BTR-3U Guardian IFVs 2010-11 10 BRDM-2 Reconnaissance armoured 2011 Second-hand vehicles 5 D-30 122mm Towed guns 2013 Second-hand 32 PAX ! Armed and insecure
1 MiG-29/Fulcrum-A Fighter aircraft 1 BTR-70 Armoured Personnel Carrier 2011 2012 Second-hand Second-hand, possibly modernised Unknown (120) 9M33/SA-8 Surface-to-air missiles (SAM) (4) 9K33 Osa/SA-8 mobile SAM systems 2014 Probably second-hand, possibly modernised Second-hand, possibly modernised 2014 Source: SIPRI’s Arms Transfers Database: http://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers (data generated in June 2016) SIPRI only covers ‘major conventional weapons’ excluding e.g. small arms and artillery under 100mm calibre and their ammunition, unguided rockets and missiles, free-fall aerial munitions, as well as military trucks. Note: data between brackets are unconfirmed. TRUCKS 89 In June 2015, the Dutch VPRO radio revealed that military trucks had been supplied to Sudan by Van Vliet Trucks Holland BV. While they were said to have been ‘demilitarised’ and sold to a private company, at least four of the very same trucks had been captured from Sudan’s army by SPLM/A-N rebels in South Kordofan. The story originated in a 2013 report detailing how MAN military trucks, shipped from Europe in 2010 and 2011, were seen in South Kordofan. 90 Labels still visible on the trucks revealed that Van Vliet had supplied the trucks, which they had previously bought from VEBEG, part of Germany’s Ministry of Finance that manages sales of Bundeswehr surplus stockpiles. The trucks were shipped from Antwerp on 26 June 2010 and from Amsterdam on 27 October 2011. One shipment offloaded in Port Sudan contained 99 exmilitary trucks. So far, neither the Dutch authorities nor Van Vliet have revealed the volume of the second shipment, nor any further transfers of ex-military equipment. The trucks are used for the transport of troops and to supply arms and ammunition, and are thus strategically important to the SAF. Furthermore, one Van Vliet truck was found with Séléka rebels fighting in the Central African Republic, as investigations by Conflict Armament Research revealed. 91 It has not been established how it got there, nor how many more there are in that country. Germany has since introduced new measures, requiring foreign companies to ask permission whenever they resell equipment bought through VEBEG and to show an end-user certificate, regardless of whether authorities in the trader’s country would require a permit for such exports. In June 2015, Van Vliet said it was ceasing its business with Sudan as a consequence of the negative media attention and for fear of US sanctions. Nearly a year later, the Dutch government also changed its policy, requiring a licence for the export of former military vehicles, demilitarised or not. SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS Besides an abundance of decades-old stocks circulating in the region, Sudan’s imports of new 89 This section is based on PAX, ‘Export control strengthened after Sudan truck scandal’, May 2016, https://wapenfeiten.wordpress.com/2016/05/30/exportcontrol-strengthened-after-sudan-truck-scandal/. 90 Small Arms Survey, ‘New War, Old Enemies: Conflict Dynamics in South Kordofan’, HSBA, March 2013, http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/about-us/highlights/ highlight-hsba-wp29.html. 91 Conflict Armament Research, ‘Groupes Armés Non Étatiques en République Centrafricaine - Types et sources d’armes et de munitions identifiées’, January 2015. PAX ! Armed and insecure 33
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Page 15 and 16: unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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Page 62 and 63: 3. Uganda With a population slightl
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end of 2014; the remaining cases ar
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them. 355 A few days later, 36 work
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2009, reaching USD 954 million in 2
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380 381 FN PRODUCTION Kenya has a s
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of USD 16,305 in small arms ammunit
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One fascinating investigative repor
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5. Ethiopia Among the largest and m
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the secession and autonomy efforts
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Ethiopian security forces have kill
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while providing limited hardware, t
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with the transformation of S-75 sur
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had been binding since March 1999.
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© David Stanley Military equipment
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Eritrea Asmara severe drought and f
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Eritrea a ticking time-bomb? 491 Or
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Ethiopian economy and disrupted the
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Arms Transfers The imposition of th
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used, and was contaminated by, clus
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trying to run away” and “one of
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7. Somalia Somalia topped the ‘Fr
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In a 2015 global study of corruptio
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Particularly dramatic attacks occur
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Despite being dubbed “Al-Shabaab
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educed by almost half as incidents
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also been starkly criticised. 616 M
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and extended it until October 2015,
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SMALL ARMS Because of the embargo,
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supplying enemy lines, as it has be
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consignment” seized on the MV Sha
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© US DoD / Staff Sgt. Joseph Araiz
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Djibouti Djibouti nation’s mariti
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killed. 689 Regardless, the history
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the launching-pad for drone surveil
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use of major weapons in Djibouti—
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the UN Firearms Protocol on small a
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conflict situations or homicides. 7
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For example, SIPRI has been unable
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weapons have been acquired is often
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To the governments of Horn of Afric
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