Armed and insecure

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3. Uganda With a population slightly larger than Canada’s concentrated in a territory the size of the United Kingdom, Uganda is in many ways the crossroads between major sub-regions: the Horn of Africa, East Africa and the Great Lakes (or Central Africa). Uganda’s history is characterised by interests and actions that overlap—for good and for bad—with many of its neighbours; in several cases an ethnic group or tribe straddles both sides of the border. Though its capital, Kampala, is enveloped by a buffer zone of sorts, Uganda has porous borders with its five neighbours—including Tanzania across grandiose Lake Victoria, which almost belies the fact Uganda is landlocked. As such, Uganda has in recent decades had tensions and clashes, some partially inspired by economic interests, with basically all its neighbours: military incursions into Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, troubles on its border with Kenya (Karamoja), declaring Rwanda a “hostile nation” (in 2001), accusations of aiding armed rebels in other countries, and a particularly volatile relationship with Sudan/South Sudan. Adding insult to injury, Uganda has suffered a 20-year insurgency by the Lord’s Resistance Army, which emerged in its north but has roamed among neighbouring countries. Against this backdrop of turmoil, these days Uganda is perceived as a fairly stable nation in an otherwise overly volatile part of the world. Uganda has been governed by President Yoweri Museveni for the last 30 years—only four other African nations have leaders who have been in power for longer. 220 Since seizing power in 1986, following the turbulent times during and after 220 Those countries are Equatorial Guinea, Angola, Cameroon and Zimbabwe. 62 PAX ! Armed and insecure
Uganda Kampala the bloody dictatorships of Idi Amin and Milton Obote, Museveni has been praised for creating relatively strong economic growth (despite the remaining crippling poverty, especially in rural areas) and for successful programmes for containing the HIV epidemic. 221 While electoral victories have kept Museveni’s hands on the helm (most recently in 2011 and 2016, after a 2005 constitutional amendment withdrew term limits and theoretically implemented a multiparty system), Uganda’s democratic credentials are not quite pristine. Particularly after the most recent election, the US, the EU and the Commonwealth joined the country’s opposition in questioning the election’s fairness and transparency. 222 Ironically, in 2000 Museveni wrote that “the problem of Africa in general and Uganda in particular is not the people but leaders who want to overstay in power”. 223 Electoral politics have not been the only issue of contention. NGOs have reportedly been faced with a “narrowing legal space” in Uganda; while the country’s infamous ‘anti-gay law’—signed into law but frozen by courts in 2014—has drawn widespread international opprobrium. 224 More recently, revelations of a secret state surveillance programme using computer malware from a UK company to spy on opposition, media and high-profile citizens—allowing police to “crush 221 BBC, ‘Uganda Country Profile’, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14107906. 222 BBC, ‘Uganda profile – Timeline’, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14112446. 223 Alex Taremwa, ‘When more is less: What Museveni’s inauguration means for Uganda’, May 2016, www.thisisafrica.me/18693-2/. 224 ICNL, ‘NGO Law Monitor: Uganda’, www.icnl.org/research/monitor/uganda.html; Deutsche Welle, ‘Ugandan court overturns anti-gay law’, www.dw.com/en/ ugandan-court-overturns-anti-gay-law/a-17826960. PAX ! Armed and insecure 63
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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Armed and insecure An overview of a
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MSF NISAT-PRIO OCHA OHCHR RECSA RPG
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Weapon Use 68 Military Spending and
Page 11 and 12: Agents of Political Conflict in Afr
Page 13 and 14: Saudi Arabia Map 2 Horn of Africa S
Page 15 and 16: unacceptable humanitarian harm caus
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Page 22 and 23: 1. Sudan Once the continent’s lar
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Page 28 and 29: The relentless bombing and constant
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Page 34 and 35: small arms and light weapons (SALW)
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Page 38 and 39: which they deemed ineffective. 124
Page 40 and 41: Spotlight: Children killed and maim
Page 42: © Enough / Amanda Hsiao South Suda
Page 45 and 46: !Abyei South Sudan Juba The Sudanes
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Page 49 and 50: embargo on South Sudan. 161 In earl
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Page 64 and 65: civil disobedience”—led to anot
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Page 74 and 75: the aim of offsetting the North’s
Page 76 and 77: Spotlight—Uganda and South Sudan:
Page 78: © Pete Lewis / UK DFID Refugee she
Page 81 and 82: Kenya Nairobi largest city), which
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Page 89 and 90: 380 381 FN PRODUCTION Kenya has a s
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Page 108: © David Stanley Military equipment
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Eritrea Asmara severe drought and f
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Eritrea a ticking time-bomb? 491 Or
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Ethiopian economy and disrupted the
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Arms Transfers The imposition of th
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used, and was contaminated by, clus
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trying to run away” and “one of
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7. Somalia Somalia topped the ‘Fr
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In a 2015 global study of corruptio
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Particularly dramatic attacks occur
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Despite being dubbed “Al-Shabaab
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educed by almost half as incidents
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also been starkly criticised. 616 M
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and extended it until October 2015,
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SMALL ARMS Because of the embargo,
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supplying enemy lines, as it has be
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consignment” seized on the MV Sha
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© US DoD / Staff Sgt. Joseph Araiz
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Djibouti Djibouti nation’s mariti
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killed. 689 Regardless, the history
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the launching-pad for drone surveil
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use of major weapons in Djibouti—
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the UN Firearms Protocol on small a
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conflict situations or homicides. 7
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For example, SIPRI has been unable
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weapons have been acquired is often
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To the governments of Horn of Afric
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Godebaldkwartier 74 3511 DZ Utrecht
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