Strategic Planning for Species Conservation: A Handbook - IUCN

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Strategic Planning for Species Conservation Box 8.1 Real-world examples of threats addressed using multiple approaches Threat: Wild populations of seahorses declining due to over-harvest for traditional medicines, curios and the aquarium trade. Actions taken include: • Encouraging the designation of marine protected areas; • Helping to develop alternative livelihoods for seahorse fishers; • Regulating international trade through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); • Developing aquaculture methods to reduce pressure on wild populations; • Educating local and global communities about the impacts of the seahorse trade; (Source: Forrest et al. 2007) Threat: Ethiopian wolves at risk of extinction due to infectious diseases caught from domestic dogs. Actions taken include: • Vaccination of domestic dogs; • Emergency vaccination of Ethiopian wolves; • Testing of methods to reduce domestic dog ranging in Ethiopian wolf habitat; • Strengthening the capacity of authorities charged with protecting Ethiopian wolf habitat; • Outreach to local communities in and around Ethiopian wolf habitat. (Sources: Sillero-Zubiri and Macdonald 1997; Laurenson et al. 1998; Haydon et al. 2006) Threat: Asian elephant population in Indonesia’s Way Kambas National Park threatened as a result of conflict with farmers on neighbouring land. Actions taken include: • Surveys and monitoring to assess population size and to identify and quantify threats; • Mathematical modelling to quantify impact of poaching; • Human–elephant conflict mitigation methods tested and demonstration sites established; • Training in law enforcement methods provided in collaboration with the CITES/MIKE Programme; • Legal support for prosecution of poachers provided to the park authorities by NGO-run “Wildlife Crimes Unit”; • Lobbying to overturn national policy on capturing elephants as a response to conflict with farmers; • Outreach/education work conducted in local communities. (Sources: Hedges et al. 2005; Hedges and Gunaryadi in press; Tyson et al. in review; Wildlife Conservation Society, unpublished data.) Threat: Florida manatees threatened by collisions with boats. Actions taken include: • Establishment of manatee protected areas and no-boat zones; • Boat slow-speed zones established in areas of high manatee use; • Marinas harbouring fast-moving large-propeller boats relocated away from areas of high manatee use; • Awareness campaign throughout Florida spearheaded by regional groups and celebrities. (Source: Marine Mammal Commission 2003) 61
62 8. Actions evaluations can, of course, be a recommended Action within the SCS, if this has not been completed at the time of developing the Plan. Table 8.3 Real-world examples of Actions which could reasonably have been expected to have beneficial effects, but proved damaging in practice Citing of these examples implies no criticism of the conservation programmes involved; all went on to achieve growing populations, with spectacular success in some cases. Species Action Outcome Reference Black-footed ferret Mustela nigripes Large blue butterfly Maculina arion Wood duck Aix sponsa Kakapo Strigops habroptilus San Clemente loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus mearnsi Vaccination of newly captured animals with modified live vaccine against canine distemper virus Exclusion of livestock from reserve to reduce disturbance Installation of large numbers of nest boxes to encourage population growth Supplementary feeding of females to encourage successful breeding Euthanasia (and more recently live capture) of critically endangered island foxes (Urocyon littoralis) during the shrike (and fox) breeding season to avoid nest predation Vaccine caused clinical distemper and death Loss of grazing made habitat unsuitable for the butterfly’s host species and the butterfly became locally extinct Conspicuous nest boxes encouraged brood parasitism and reduced hatching success Artificial food attracted Polynesian rats, which are nest predators Fox population declined but shrike population did not increase; cessation of this management did not reduce shrike recruitment Carpenter et al. 1976 Thomas 1980 Eadie, Sherman and Semel 1998 Merton 1989, cited in Caughley and Gunn 1996 Roemer and Wayne 2003; Swarts 2006 Evidence of the effectiveness of particular management approaches should be provided, or cited, in the narrative sections of the SCS, to give managers and decision-makers confidence that recommended Actions will work. Tests of particular management approaches may be recommended as Actions, if (as will often be the case) they have not been conducted prior to the development of the SCS.
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