Strategic Planning for Species Conservation: A Handbook - IUCN

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Strategic Planning for Species Conservation 8.2 WHAT ARE ACTIONS? 57 8.2.1 HOW ACTIONS FIT WITHIN THE SCS 57 8.2.2 HOW SPECIFICALLY SHOULD ACTIONS BE DEFINED? 58 8.2.3 DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY 59 8.3 HOW TO IDENTIFY WHICH ACTIONS TO RECOMMEND 60 8.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL FIELD TESTS OF MANAGEMENT ACTIONS 63 8.3.2 CORRELATIONAL STUDIES TO INTERPRET “NATURAL VARIATION” IN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 64 8.3.3 CASE STUDIES 66 8.3.4 EXPERIENCE FROM, AND TESTS ON, SIMILAR SPECIES 67 8.3.5 TESTS ON CAPTIVE ANIMALS 68 8.3.6 TESTS BASED ON MODEL SIMULATION 68 8.4 MONITORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACTIONS: INDICATORS OF SUCCESS 69 8.5 RECOMMENDING SITES FOR ACTION 72 8.6 DETERMINING TIMELINES FOR ACTION 72 8.7 IDENTIFYING ACTORS 73 8.8 ATTACHING PRIORITIES TO ACTIONS 73 9. USING A SPECIES CONSERVATION STRATEGY TO DEVELOP NATIONAL OR LOCAL ACTION PLANS 75 9.1 INTRODUCTION 75 9.2 PARTICIPATION 75 9.3 STATUS REVIEW 77 9.4 VISION 77 9.5 GOALS AND GOAL TARGETS 77 9.6 OBJECTIVES 78 9.7 OBJECTIVE TARGETS AND ACTIONS 79 9.8 PRESENTATIONS AT THE NATIONAL WORKSHOP 79 10. INTEGRATION OF THE SCS PROCESS WITH OTHER CONSERVATION PLANNING EFFORTS 80 10.1 INTRODUCTION 80 10.2 SPECIES-FOCUSED CONSERVATION PLANNING APPROACHES 83 10.2.1 Population and Habitat Viability Assessment 83 10.2.2 Range-wide Priority Setting 84 10.2.3 Red Listing and Assessments 85 10.2.4 Species Recover Plans 10.3 AREA OR LANDSCAPE APPROACHES TO CONSERVATION PLANNING WITH AN EXPLICIT SPECIES COMPONENT 87 10.3.1 Conservation Action Planning 87 10.3.2 Habitat Conservation Plans 87 10.3.3 Landscape Species Approach 88 LITERATURE CITED 90 LEAD AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 99 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 100 vi
Preface The global community recognises the importance of conserving nature. The natural systems of the planet make human life possible, by providing energy, food, water, and other material resources; but nature also makes life worth living by providing beauty, inspiration, and context for human life, as demonstrated in the cultural traditions of human societies from around the world and by everyone every day who admires a bird or takes a walk in the woods (Wilson 1984). The intrinsic and extrinsic values of nature have been recognised in international declarations, treaties, and conventions including the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the Convention on Wetlands (popularly known as the Ramsar Convention), the World Heritage Convention (WHC), the Forest Principles, and the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the formation of IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, where nations and non-governmental entities have banded together to ensure that nature is conserved and managed wisely. Species are the players on the ecological stage, as evolved and established over millennia. Species and their interrelationships – including their relationship to people – are the fabric of nature. Many of the closest relationships people have formed with nature are based on species: the species we eat, the species we fear, the species we love. As humanity has learned more about the biological diversity of the planet, people have increasingly come to appreciate the multiple roles of species, and the profound diversity and wonderful strangeness of life on Earth. Many people also feel that the degradation of natural ecosystems that has accompanied the stunning success of the human species, which today is more populous and – on average – richer than ever before, has impoverished modern humanity. The sheer diversity of species on Earth is extraordinary. More than 1.7 million species have been identified and estimates of the total number of species on the planet, including those not yet known to science, have ranged from 8 million to 100 million (Tudge 2000). The estimates of how much of this extraordinary diversity of life is being lost each year are disheartening. More than 16,000 species of animals and plants are known to be threatened with extinction – one in four mammals, one in eight birds, one in three amphibians, and a considerable proportion of assessed plant groups, according to the 2007 IUCN Red List Assessment (http://www.iucnredlist.org). These figures appear even more startling if one considers that the number of assessed species is only a fraction of the total number of species estimated to exist on Earth. Similarly, many ecosystems – particularly wetlands, forests, grasslands, and coral reefs – are being degraded and destroyed, even though natural ecosystems provide humans with a wide range of valuable services. In an effort to save species and overall biodiversity, a number of approaches to conservation have been suggested. Some approaches focus on species’ habitats, ecosystems, or other area-based classifications such as hotspots, ecoregions, Important Bird Areas, Important Plant Areas, and so on. Such approaches seek to save nature in a place or region by ensuring that the ecosystem processes and structures which support nature are maintained. Although these approaches are critical to conservation of nature, they are insufficient on their own. Just as species need well functioning ecosystems in which to live, ecosystems depend on their species. An exclusively area-based approach can result in species being lost from the areas of concern. Conservationists have long appreciated that many species, and species groups, need particular attention, requiring species-focused conservation strategies. Furthermore, because many people have deep vii
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IUCN, International Union for Conse
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