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534 Chapter 13 n Attacking Users: Other Techniques HTTP Response Splitting This attack technique seeks to poison a proxy server’s cache with malicious content to compromise other users who access the application via the proxy. For example, if all users on a corporate network access an application via a caching proxy, the attacker can target them by injecting malicious content into the proxy’s cache, which is displayed to any users who request the affected page. An attacker can exploit a header injection vulnerability to deliver a response splitting attack by following these steps: 1. The attacker chooses a page of the application that he wants to poison within the proxy cache. For example, he might replace the page at /admin/ with a Trojan login form that submits the user’s credentials to the attacker’s server. 2. The attacker locates a header injection vulnerability and formulates a request that injects an entire HTTP body into the response, plus a second set of response headers and a second response body. The second response body contains the HTML source code for the attacker’s Trojan login form. The effect is that the server’s response looks exactly like two separate HTTP responses chained together. This is where the attack technique gets its name, because the attacker has effectively “split” the server’s response into two separate responses. For example: GET /settings/12/Default.aspx?Language=English%0d%0aContent-Length:+22 %0d%0a%0d%0a%0d%0afoo%0d%0a%0d%0aHTTP/1.1+200+OK%0d%0a Content-Length:+2307%0d%0a%0d%0a%0d%0a%0d%0a Administrator+login0d%0a[...long URL...] HTTP/1.1 Host: mdsec.net HTTP/1.1 200 OK Set-Cookie: PreferredLanguage=English Content-Length: 22 foo HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Length: 2307 Administrator login ... 3. The attacker opens a TCP connection to the proxy server and sends his crafted request, followed immediately by a request for the page to be poisoned. Pipelining requests in this way is legal in the HTTP protocol:
Chapter 13 n Attacking Users: Other Techniques 535 GET http://mdsec.net/settings/12/Default.aspx?Language=English%0d%0a Content-Length:+22%0d%0a%0d%0a%0d%0afoo%0d%0a%0d%0aHTTP/ 1.1+200+OK%0d%0aContent-Length:+2307%0d%0a%0d%0a%0d%0a%0d%0a Administrator+login0d%0a[...long URL...] HTTP/1.1 Host: mdsec.net Proxy-Connection: Keep-alive GET http://mdsec.net/admin/ HTTP/1.1 Host: mdsec.net Proxy-Connection: Close 4. The proxy server opens a TCP connection to the application and sends the two requests pipelined in the same way. 5. The application responds to the first request with the attacker’s injected HTTP content, which looks exactly like two separate HTTP responses. 6. The proxy server receives these two apparent responses and interprets the second as being the response to the attacker’s second pipelined request, which was for the URL http://mdsec.net/admin/. The proxy caches this second response as the contents of this URL. (If the proxy has already stored a cached copy of the page, the attacker can cause it to rerequest the URL and update its cache with the new version by inserting an appropriate If-Modified-Since header into his second request and a Last-Modified header into the injected response.) 7. The application issues its actual response to the attacker’s second request, containing the authentic contents of the URL http://mdsec.net/admin/. The proxy server does not recognize this as being a response to a request that it actually issued and therefore discards it. 8. A user accesses http://mdsec.net/admin/ via the proxy server and receives the content of this URL that was stored in the proxy’s cache. This content is in fact the attacker’s Trojan login form, so the user’s credentials are compromised. The steps involved in this attack are illustrated in Figure 13-3. Request 1 GET/home.php?uid=123 %0d%0aContent-Length... causes split response HTTP/1.1 OK Request 2 GET/admin cached HTTP/1.1 OK Response to request 1 ignored HTTP/1.1 OK Response to request 2 Figure 13-3: The steps involved in an HTTP response splitting attack that poisons a proxy server cache
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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Chapter 7 n Attacking Session Manag
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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288 Chapter 9 n Attacking Data Stor
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358 Chapter 10 n Attacking Back-End
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406 Chapter 11 n Attacking Applicat
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432 Chapter 12 n Attacking Users: C
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616 Chapter 15 n Exploiting Informa
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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670 Chapter 18 n Attacking the Appl
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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748 Chapter 20 n A Web Application
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854 Index n A-A hacker’s methodol
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856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
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858 Index n C-C XSS, 450-451 “cha
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860 Index n D-D CSS. See Cascading
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862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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864 Index n H-H script injection, 8
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866 Index n J-J error messages, 388
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868 Index n M-O secret questions, 1
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870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
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872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
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874 Index n T-T signatures of commo
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876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
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878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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