the-web-application-hackers-handbook

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754 Chapter 20 n A Web Application Hacker’s Toolkit WORKING WITH NON-PROXY-AWARE CLIENTS Occasionally, you may find yourself testing applications that use a thick client that runs outside of the browser. Many of these clients do not offer any settings to configure an HTTP proxy; they simply attempt to connect directly to the web server hosting the application. This behavior prevents you from simply using an intercepting proxy to view and modify the application’s traffic. Fortunately, Burp Suite offers some features that let you continue working in this situation. To do so, you need to follow these steps: 1. Modify your operating system hosts file to resolve the hostnames used by the application to your loopback address (127.0.0.1). For example: 127.0.0.1 www.wahh-app.com This causes the thick client’s requests to be redirected to your own computer. 2. For each destination port used by the application (typically 80 and 443), configure a Burp Proxy listener on this port of your loopback interface, and set the listener to support invisible proxying. The invisible proxying feature means that the listener will accept the non-proxy-style requests sent by the thick client, which have been redirected to your loopback address. 3. Invisible mode proxying supports both HTTP and HTTPS requests. To prevent fatal certificate errors with SSL, it may be necessary to configure your invisible proxy listener to present an SSL certificate with a specific hostname which matches what the thick client expects. The following section has details on how you can avoid certificate problems caused by intercepting proxies. 4. For each hostname you have redirected using your hosts file, configure Burp to resolve the hostname to its original IP address. These settings can be found under Options ÿ Connections ÿ Hostname Resolution. They let you specify custom mappings of domain names to IP addresses to override your computer’s own DNS resolution. This causes the outgoing requests from Burp to be directed to the correct destination server. (Without this step, the requests would be redirected to your own computer in an infinite loop.)
Chapter 20 n A Web Application Hacker’s Toolkit 755 WORKING WITH NON-PROXY-AWARE CLIENTS 5. When operating in invisible mode, Burp Proxy identifies the destination host to which each request should be forwarded using the Host header that appears in requests. If the thick client you are testing does not include a Host header in requests, Burp cannot forward requests correctly. If you are dealing with only one destination host, you can work around this problem by configuring the invisible proxy listener to redirect all its requests to the required destination host. If you are dealing with multiple destination hosts, you probably need to run multiple instances of Burp on multiple machines and use your hosts file to redirect traffic for each destination host to a different intercepting machine. Intercepting Proxies and HTTPS When dealing with unencrypted HTTP communications, an intercepting proxy functions in essentially the same way as a normal web proxy, as described in Chapter 3. The browser sends standard HTTP requests to the proxy, with the exception that the URL in the first line of the request contains the full hostname of the destination web server. The proxy parses this hostname, resolves it to an IP address, converts the request to its standard nonproxy equivalent, and forwards it to the destination server. When that server responds, the proxy forwards the response back to the client browser. For HTTPS communications, the browser first makes a cleartext request to the proxy using the CONNECT method, specifying the hostname and port of the destination server. When a normal (nonintercepting) proxy is used, the proxy responds with an HTTP 200 status code and keeps the TCP connection open. From that point onward (for that connection) the proxy acts as a TCP-level relay to the destination server. The browser then performs an SSL handshake with the destination server, setting up a secure tunnel through which to pass HTTP messages. With an intercepting proxy, this process must work differently so that the proxy can gain access to the HTTP messages that the browser sends through the tunnel. As shown in Figure 20-3, after responding to the CONNECT request with an HTTP 200 status code, the intercepting proxy does not act as a relay but instead performs the server’s end of the SSL handshake with the browser. It also acts as an SSL client and performs a second SSL handshake with the destination web server. Hence, two SSL tunnels are created, with the proxy acting as a middleman. This enables the proxy to decrypt each message received
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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Chapter 3 n Web Application Technol
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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Chapter 5 n Bypassing Client-Side C
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160 Chapter 6 n Attacking Authentic
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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Chapter 7 n Attacking Session Manag
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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288 Chapter 9 n Attacking Data Stor
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358 Chapter 10 n Attacking Back-End
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406 Chapter 11 n Attacking Applicat
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432 Chapter 12 n Attacking Users: C
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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Chapter 13 n Attacking Users: Other
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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Chapter 16 n Attacking Native Compi
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670 Chapter 18 n Attacking the Appl
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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854 Index n A-A hacker’s methodol
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856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
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858 Index n C-C XSS, 450-451 “cha
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860 Index n D-D CSS. See Cascading
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862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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864 Index n H-H script injection, 8
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866 Index n J-J error messages, 388
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868 Index n M-O secret questions, 1
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870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
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872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
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874 Index n T-T signatures of commo
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876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
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878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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