the-web-application-hackers-handbook

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854 Index n A–A hacker’s methodology, browser extensions, 804 HTML modification, 557 “safe for scripting” registration, 555–557 vulnerabilities, 555–556 finding, 556–558 preventing, 558–559 administrative functions, web applications, 35–36 administrators DBA, 325–326 defense mechanisms handling attackers, alerting, 33–34 Ajax HTML5, 487 stored XSS in uploaded files via, 486–487 web functionality, 62–63, 384 Alcon, Wade, 565 alerts, 33–34 Allaire JRun, 690–691 allow_url_include, 729 AMF. See Action Message Format ampersand character, batch function, 360–361, 363 Anley, Chris, 218, 322, 634 anomalous event alerts, 33 anti-CSRF tokens, 508–509, 516–517 XSS defeating, 509–510 anti-XSS filters, 452 IE, 748 AOL AIM Enterprise Gateway application, 409 Apache chunked encoding overflow, 688 error messages, 628 mod_isapi, 688 mod_proxy, 688 reflected XSS, 442 Tomcat, 673 virtual hosting, 683 API methods access controls to, 260–261 account testing, 276–277 ASP.NET database, 721 dynamic code execution, 722 file access, 720 OS command execution, 722–723 sockets, 723 URL redirection, 723 user input, 718–719 Java database access, 714–715 dynamic code execution, 715 file access, 713 OS command execution, 715–716 potentially dangerous, 713–716 sockets, 716 URL redirection, 716 Java user input, 712 JavaScript DOM-based, 740 Perl language database access, 737–738 dynamic code execution, 738 file access, 737 OS command execution, 738 potentially dangerous, 736–739 sockets, 739 URL redirection, 738 PHP database access, 729–730 dynamic code execution, 730–731 file access, 727–729 OS command execution, 731 potentially dangerous, 727–732 sockets, 732 URL redirection, 731–732 server-side redirection, 392 SQL injection, 291 versatility, 358 Apple iDisk Server, path traversal vulnerabilities, 690 application. See web application application architecture. See tiered architectures application logic flaws access controls vulnerabilities, 411 attack surface, 405 audit trail, 429 authentication, 415–416 avoiding, 428–429 beating business limit, 416–417, 429 breaking bank, 414–416 bulk discount cheating, 418, 429 debugger messages, 424–426 developers, 429–430 encryption oracle, 407–408 “remember me” function, 407 escaping, 419–420 financial services, 412–416 forced browsing, 411 hacker’s methodology attack surface, 842 incomplete input, 843 multistage functions, 842–843 transaction logic, 844 trust relationships, 844 hacker’s methodology, authentication, 811–813 invalidating input validation, 420–422 lessons, 428–429 login function, 426–427 race conditions, 427 nature of, 406 password change function, 409–410 proceeding to checkout, 410–411 real-world, 406–407 rolling your own insurance, 412–413 search function, 429 abuse, 422–424 security, 428 session management, 429 shell metacharacters, 419 source code, 428 SQL injection, 420–422 application logs, 262 application mapping, 73 access controls, 268–269 analyzing, 97–113 key areas, 97–98 attack surface, 111 example, 112–113 Burp Suite, 268 comparisons, 268–269 enumerating content and functionality, 74–97 hacker’s methodology, 795–798 debug parameters, 798 default content, 797 enumerating identifiers, 797–798 hidden content, 796–797 public information resources, 796 tokens to sessions, 818 visible content, 795–796 hidden content brute-force techniques discovering, 81–85 discovering, 80–93 inference from published content discovering, 85–89
Index n A–A 855 public information discovering, 89–91 web server leveraged for discovering, 91–93 hidden parameters, 96–97 input entry points HTTP headers, 100–101 out-of-band channels, 101 request parameters, 99 URL file paths, 98–99 methodology, 114 naming schemes, 85–86 brute-force exercise, 88 identifying, 87 path traversal vulnerabilities, 371 server-side functionality identification, 106–110 technology identification, 101–106 web application pages versus functional paths, 93–96 application servers. See web servers application service providers (ASPs), 656–657. See also ASP. NET; cloud computing attackers, 658–665 access, 658–660 deliberate backdoor scripts, 660–661 between web applications, 660–663 financial services, 658 organization, 658 securing, 665–667 component segregation, 667 customer access, 665–666 customer functionality segregation, 666 shared, 657–658 threats, 657 VPN, 659 arbitrary input. See user input architecture. See tiered architectures Armstrong, Dave, 505 The Art of Software Security Assessment (Dowd & McDonald & Schuh), 634 ASCII code, 67 US-ASCII, 464 Asirra puzzles, Microsoft, 612 ASP.NET, 54, 103 API methods database, 721 dynamic code execution, 722 file access, 720 OS command execution, 722–723 sockets, 723 URL redirection, 723 user input, 718–719 error messages, 628 OS command injection via, 360–361 redirection, 392 security configuration, 723–724 session interaction, 719–720 stack traces, 617 ViewState attackers, 127 Base64 encoding, 125–126 Burp Suite, 126 client-side data transmission, 124–127 purpose, 125 security, 155 ASPs. See application service providers .aspx file extension, 107 Astely, Rick, 541 attack payloads, XSS, 443–447 autocomplete, 446 escalating client-side, 447 escalation to other pages, 473–474 inducing actions, 445–446 Trojan injection, 444–445 trust relationship exploitation, 446–447 virtual defacement, 443–444 attack surface application logic flaws, 405 application mapping, 111 example, 112–113 hacker’s methodology, application logic flaws, 842 hacker’s methodology mapping, 800 attackers. See also specific attacks access controls, 266–278 types, 258–260 usernames and passwords, 275–276 ASP.NET ViewState, 127 ASPs, 658–665 access, 658–660 deliberate backdoor scripts, 660–661 between web applications, 660–663 browser extensions casino component, 134 CAPTCHA, 198–199 customized automation, 610–611 client-side attacks, 13 cloud computing, 14, 663–665 cloned systems, 664 tokens, 665 cookie injection methods, 536–537 credentials, 171 defense mechanisms handling, 30–35 administrator alerting, 33–34 audit log maintenance, 31–32 errors, 30–31 reacting to, 34–35 disabled elements, 132–133 encoding and, 66–67 forgotten password, 14 format string vulnerabilities, 644 HTTP header injection, 534–535 intentions, 13 login function, 164–165 MS-SQL databases, 326–327 multilayered privilege model, 283 multistage login function, 188 MySQL, 328 network hosts, 561–562 non-HTTP services, 562–563 NULL bytes, 23–24 opaque data, 124 Oracle databases, 327 other users, 431–432 path traversal vulnerabilities circumventing obstacles, 374–377 successful, 374 target locations, 370–371 remote, 427 session management, 20 session token scripts, 217 shared hosting, 658–665 access, 658–660 deliberate backdoor scripts, 660–661 between web applications, 660–663 stored XSS steps, 438–439 tiered architectures, 648–654 categories, 648–649 tokens encrypting, 232–233
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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Chapter 3 n Web Application Technol
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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Page 892 and 893: 856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
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Page 896 and 897: 860 Index n D-D CSS. See Cascading
Page 898 and 899: 862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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Page 912 and 913: 876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
Page 914: 878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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