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672 Chapter 18 n Attacking the Application Server Figure 18-1 shows the default page phpinfo.php, which exists on many Apache installations. This page simply executes the PHP function phpinfo() and returns the output. It contains a wealth of information about the PHP environment, configuration settings, web server modules, and file paths. Figure 18-1: The default page phpinfo.php Sample Functionality By default many servers include various sample scripts and pages designed to demonstrate how certain application server functions and APIs can be used. Typically, these are intended to be innocuous and to provide no opportunities for an attacker. However, in practice this has not been the case, for two reasons: n Many sample scripts contain security vulnerabilities that can be exploited to perform actions not intended by the scripts’ authors. n Many sample scripts actually implement functionality that is of direct use to an attacker. An example of the first problem is the Dump Servlet included in Jetty version 7.0.0. This servlet can be accessed from a URL such as /test/jsp/dump .jsp. When it is accessed, it prints various details of the Jetty installation and the current request, including the request query string. This allows for simple
Chapter 18 n Attacking the Application Server 673 cross-site scripting if an attacker simply includes script tags in the URL, such as /test/jsp/dump.jsp?%3Cscript%3Ealert(%22xss%22)%3C/script%3E. An example of the second problem is the Sessions Example script shipped with Apache Tomcat. As shown in Figure 18-2, this can be used to get and set arbitrary session variables. If an application running on the server stores sensitive data in a user’s session, an attacker can view this and may be able to interfere with the application’s processing by modifying its value. Figure 18-2: The default Sessions Example script shipped with Apache Tomcat Powerful Functions Some web server software contains powerful functionality that is not intended to be used by the public but that can be accessed by end users through some means. In many cases application servers actually allow web archives (WAR files) to be deployed over the same HTTP port as that used by the application itself, given the correct administrative credentials. This deployment process for an application server is a prime target for hackers. Common exploit frameworks can automate the process of scanning for default credentials, uploading a web archive containing a backdoor, and executing it to get a command shell on the remote system, as shown in Figure 18-3.
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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Chapter 3 n Web Application Technol
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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Chapter 5 n Bypassing Client-Side C
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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Chapter 7 n Attacking Session Manag
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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288 Chapter 9 n Attacking Data Stor
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358 Chapter 10 n Attacking Back-End
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406 Chapter 11 n Attacking Applicat
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432 Chapter 12 n Attacking Users: C
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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Chapter 13 n Attacking Users: Other
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616 Chapter 15 n Exploiting Informa
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854 Index n A-A hacker’s methodol
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856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
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858 Index n C-C XSS, 450-451 “cha
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860 Index n D-D CSS. See Cascading
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862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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864 Index n H-H script injection, 8
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866 Index n J-J error messages, 388
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868 Index n M-O secret questions, 1
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870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
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872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
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874 Index n T-T signatures of commo
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876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
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878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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