the-web-application-hackers-handbook

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858 Index n C–C XSS, 450–451 “change request method” command, 474–475 “character frobber,” Burp Intruder, 593 checked exceptions, 30 checkout, application logic flaws, 410–411 CheckQuantity applet, 141 Chrome, 750 chrooted file system path traversal vulnerabilities, 380–381 UNIX, 381 cipher block chaining (CBC) encrypting tokens, 227–233 PKC # 5 padding, 686–687 ciphertext, 224–226 .class files, 141 ClearedFunds element, 387–388 cleartext, passwords, 190–191 clickjacking, 511. See also user interface redress attacks client components, native, 153 client-side attacks, 13 data transmission, 118–127 ASP.NET ViewState, 124–127 for developers, 118 hacker’s methodology, 801 hidden HTML forms, 118–120 HTTP cookies, 121 opaque data, 123–124 Referrer header, 122 security, 154–156 URL parameters, 121–122 hacker’s methodology, data transmission, 801 HPP, 548–550 information disclosure leaks, 629 injection, 531–550 SQL, 547–548 JavaScript, validation with, 130–131, 156 security, 431–432 session token hijacking, 243–244 SQL injection, 547–548 SSL certification, 138 user input controlled by, 117 browser extensions, 133–153 hacker’s methodology, 801–802 HTML forms, 127–133 validation myths, 155–156 web functionality, 57–65 Ajax, 62–63, 384 browser extension technologies, 65 CSS, 60–61 DOM, 62 forms, 58–60 HTML, 58 HTML5, 64–65 hyperlinks, 58 JavaScript, 61 JSON, 63 same-origin policy, 64 VBScript, 61 XSS attack payloads escalating, 447 cloned systems, 664 cloud computing attackers, 14, 663–665 cloned systems, 664 tokens, 665 defense mechanism, 664 feature-first approach, 664–665 loss of control in, 663–664 management tool migration to, 664 web applications, 5 web storage, 665 CMS. See content management system code browsing tools, 743 code injection, 288 code review. See source code, review commands. See operating system commands comments MySQL, 303–304, 312 source code, 710–711 SQL, 312 Comparer, Burp Suite, 167 compiled applications. See native client components concealed sequences, 213–215 concurrent logins, 250 conditional errors, SQL injection, 320–322 conjunctive queries filters, 350 LDAP injection, 352–353 CONNECT method, 682, 755 content enumerating and functionality, 74–97 hidden brute-force techniques discovering, 81–85 discovering, 80–93 hacker’s methodology, application mapping, 796–797 inference from published content discovering, 85–89 Nikto discovering, 93 public information discovering, 89–91 user-directed spidering discovering, 81–83 web server leveraged for discovering, 91–93 Wikto discovering, 92–93 web server and default, 92, 671–677 debug functionality, 671–672 hacker’s methodology, 847 JMX, 674–676 powerful functions, 673–674 sample functionality, 672–673 Content Discovery, Burp Suite, 88–89 content management system (CMS), 77 web servers, 92 Content-Length header, 42 POST request, 581 Content-Type header, 136, 138, 476, 478, 525–526 context-dependent, access controls, 258 Cookie header, 41, 47 cookie injection attacker methods, 536–537 session fixation, 537–540 cookie jar, Burp Suite, 603–604 cookies arbitrary, 537 attributes, 47 domain restrictions, 245–247 hacker’s methodology, 820–821 HTTP, 19, 47 client-side data transmission, 121 session management tokens, 207–208, 234–236 HTTP header injection, 533 login function, 163 path restrictions, 247–248 persistent, 550 reflected XSS, 437–438 RemembeMe, 407–408 “remember me” functions, 175–176 ScreenName, 407–408
Index n C–C 859 session management, liberal scope, 244–248 XSS exploiting via, 475 COPY method, 679 count() function, 348 credentials attackers, 171 authentication vulnerability, 169–171 e-mail containing, 184 hacker’s methodology, authentication autogenerated, 809–810 unsafe distribution, 810–811 unsafe transmission, 810 incomplete validation, 180–181 insecure distribution, 184 insecure storage, 190–191 secret handling of, 192–193 strength, 192 validation, 193–195 web server and default, 670–671 hacker’s methodology, 846 cross-domain data capture, 515–516 CSS injection, 517–519 Firefox, 521 HTML injection, 516–517 JavaScript hijacking, 519–520 E4X, 523–524 function callbacks, 520 JSON, 521 preventing, 524 variable assignment, 522 proxy services, 529–531 cross-domain requests JSON, 477 XMLHttpRequest, 528–529 XSS sending XML, 477–478 /crossdomain.xml, 525–526 cross-site request forgery (CSRF), 8, 244, 504–511 anti-CSRF tokens, 508–509, 516–517 XSS defeating, 510–511 authentication, 507–508 flaws exploiting, 506–507 preventing, 508–510 real-world, 505 hacker’s methodology, 820 session management, 251 cross-site scripting (XSS), 8 attack payloads, 443–447 autocomplete, 446 escalating client-side, 447 escalation to other pages, 473–474 inducing actions, 445–446 Trojan injection, 444–445 trust relationship exploitation, 446–447 virtual defacement, 443–444 attackers, 251 authentication, 473–474 chaining, 450–451 CSRF defeating anti-CSRF tokens with, 510–511 database error messages, 620 defense, 28 delivery mechanisms, 447–451 in-band, 449–450 out-of-band, 450 DOM-based, 440–442 delivering, 448–449 finding and exploiting, 487–491 input validation, 497 output validation, 497–498 preventing, 496–498 reflected XSS converted into, 472–473 steps, 441 escaping, 420 exploits cookies, 475 delivering, 473–481 JavaScript executed within XML responses, 478–479 nonstandard request and response content, 476–479 Referrer header, 475–476 XML requests sent crossdomain, 477–478 filters anti-, 452, 748 blacklist-based, 451–452 IE, 479–481 web browsers, 479–481 HTML tag pairs, 422 IE filter, 479–481 JavaScript, 436–438 non-HTTP services, 562–563 NULL bytes, 460 POST request changed to GET request, 474–475 prevalence, 432 preventing, 492–498 real-world, 442–443 reflected, 434–438 Apache, 442 cookies, 437–438 defensive filters, 455–456 delivering, 448–449 DOM XSS converted from, 472–473 exploiting, 435–438, 474 finding and exploiting, 452–481 hacker’s methodology, 829–830 HTML limitations, 495–496 IE, 435 input insertion, 495 input validation, 492–493 length limits, 471–473 output validation, 493–495 preventing, 492–496 “remember me” function, 437 sanitizing filters, 468–471 signature-based filters, 455–456 steps, 436–437 stored XSS compared to, 439–440 user input testing, 453 user input testing to introduce script, 454–455 security evolution, 433 session token vulnerabilities, 243–244 source code, 704–705 stored, 438–440 attacker steps, 438–439 delivering, 449–450 e-mail testing, 483–484 finding and exploiting, 481–487 HTML limitations, 495–496 input insertion, 495 input validation, 492–493 MySpace, 442–443, 446 output validation, 493–495 preventing, 492–496 reflected XSS compared to, 439–440 search function, 439 uploaded files testing, 484–487 vulnerabilities identifying, 451–452 low-risk, 451 varieties, 433–442 XSS Shell, 566 cryptographic algorithms, 687 CSRF. See cross-site request forgery
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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Chapter 3 n Web Application Technol
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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358 Chapter 10 n Attacking Back-End
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432 Chapter 12 n Attacking Users: C
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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Page 898 and 899: 862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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Page 906 and 907: 870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
Page 908 and 909: 872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
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Page 912 and 913: 876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
Page 914: 878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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