the-web-application-hackers-handbook

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868 Index n M–O secret questions, 189 session management, 206 tokens, 539–540 timing differences, 168–169 username enumeration, 166–169 logout function, session management, 242, 250 logs. See system log disclosure, session tokens LSOs. See Local Shared Objects M macros, request, 604–606 magic_quotes-gpc directive, 734 mail() command, 398–399 mail services. See e-mail; SMTP injection man-in-the-middle attacks, 566–568 manual request tools, integrated testing suites, 765–767 mapping. See application mapping Mavituna, Ferruh, 566 McDonald, John, 634 meaningful token attackers, 212 memory management, web server software, 687–689 metacharacters, OS command injection, 420. See also shell metacharacters Microsoft. See also Internet Explorer Asirra puzzles, 612 IIS error messages, 628 ISAPI extensions, 688 path traversal vulnerabilities, 691–692 security, 431–432 SiteLock Active Template Library, 559 mobile devices applications, 4 UI redress attacks, 515 mod_isapi, Apache, 688 mod_proxy, Apache, 688 MongoDB, NoSQL injection, 343–344 MOVE method, 679–680 MS-SQL databases attackers, 326–327 automated exploitation, 330 batch queries, 317 default lockdown, 326–327 error messages, 334–338 out-of-band channels, 317 syntax, 332–334 WAITFOR command, 322–323 multistage functions access controls, 262–263 testing, 271–273 banking application, 263 hacker’s methodology, application logic flaws, 842–843 login, 186–190, 194 attackers, 188 common myth, 187 purpose, 186–187 random questions, 189–190, 194–195 multistep validation, input, 28–29 MySpace, stored XSS, 442–443, 446 MySQL attackers, 328 comments, 303–304, 312 double hyphen, 293 error messages, 334–338 out-of-band channels, 319 path traversal vulnerabilities, 651 sleep function, 323 syntax, 332–334 tiered architectures extracting, 650–652 UDFs, 328 N naming schemes application mapping, 85–86 brute-force exercise, 88 identifying, 87 static resources, 87 native client components, 153 native compiled applications buffer overflow, 634–640 examples, 633 format string vulnerabilities, 643–644 integer vulnerabilities, 640–643 testing for, 633–634 native software bugs hacker’s methodology, 837–838 web servers, 848 source code, 709–710 NBFS. See .NET Binary Format for SOAP negative price method, 120 Ness, Jonathan, 634 .NET encryption, 686 padding oracle, 685–687 .NET Binary Format for SOAP (NBFS), 138 Netcat, 788–789 NETGEAR router, 562 network disclosure, session tokens, 234–237 network hosts, attackers, 561–562 network perimeter, web application security and new, 12–14 nextPayload method, 578 NGSSoftware, 640 Nikto hacker’s toolkit, 785 hidden content, 93 maximizing effectiveness, 797 non-HTTP services, 562–563 NoSQL advantages, 343 data stores, 342–343 injection, 342–344 MongoDB, 343–344 notNetgear function, 562 nslookup command, 365 NTLM protocol, 50 NULL bytes attackers, 23–24 WAFs, 460 XSS, 460 NULL value, 306–307 numeric data limits, 417 SQL injection into, 299–301, 315–316 O obfuscation bytecode, decompiling browser extensions, 144–146 custom schemes, 109 OCR. See optical character recognition ODBC. See open database connectivity off-by-one vulnerabilities, 636–638 OllyDbg, 153 Omitted Results, Google, 90 100 Continue, 48 on-site request forgery (OSRF), 502–503 onsubmit attributes, 130 opaque data attackers, 124
Index n P–P 869 client-side data transmission, 123–124 open database connectivity (ODBC), 624 open redirection vulnerabilities causes, 540–541 finding and exploiting, 542–546 hacker’s methodology, 830–831 JavaScript, 546 preventing, 546–547 rickrolling attacks, 541 source code, 707–708 URLs, 542 absolute prefix, 545–546 blocking absolute, 544–545 user input, 543–544 OpenLDAP, 352 operating system commands (OS commands) ASP.NET API methods, 722–723 injection, 358–368 ASP.net, 360–361 dynamic code execution, 362 dynamic code execution, vulnerabilities, 366–367 flaws, 363–366 hacker’s methodology, 832–833 metacharacters, 420 Perl language, 358–360 preventing, 367–368 shell metacharacters, 363, 365 source code, 708 spaces, 366 time delay, 363–364 Java API methods, 715–716 Perl language API methods, 738 PHP API methods, 731 optical character recognition (OCR), 611 OPTIONS functions, 43 OPTIONS method, 679–680 OPTIONS request, 528 Oracle databases attackers, 327 11g, 318 error messages, 334–338 out-of-band channels, 317–318 syntax, 332–334 time delays, 323–324 UNION operator, 307–308 PL/SQL Exclusion List, 676–677 web server software filter bypass, 692–694 web server, 676–677 The Oracle Hacker’s Handbook (Litchfield), 693 oracles. See encryption oracle ORDER BY clause, 295 SQL injection, 301–302 Origin headers, 528–529 OS commands. See operating system commands OSRF. See on-site request forgery other user attackers, 431–432 out-of-band channels application mapping, input entry points, 101 MS-SQL databases, 317 MySQL, 319 Oracle databases, 317–318 SQL injection, 316–319 unavailable, 319 out-of-band delivery, XSS, 450 output validation DOM-based XSS, 497–498 HTTP header injection, 536 stored XSS, reflected XSS, 493–495 P padding oracle attack, 626 .NET, 685–687 pageid parameter, 598 parameter-based access controls, 265–266 parameterized queries provisos, 341 SQL injection, 339–341 parameters application mapping, input entry points, 99 hidden, application mapping, 96–97 URL, client-side data transmission, 121–122 parseResponse method, 585, 589 passive scanning, 764–765 passwords access controls attackers harvesting, 275–276 backdoor, 178–179 source code, 708 brute-force techniques for wiki, 424 change functionality, 171–172, 193 application logic flaws, 409–410 misuse, 199 username, 172 cleartext storage, 190–191 forgotten, 14, 584 functionality, 173–175 guessing, 160 techniques, 163–164 hacker’s methodology, authentication guessing, 807 quality, 806 recovery function, 807–808 hints, 174, 200 predictable initial, 183 real-world, 163 recovery challenges, 173–174 hacker’s methodology, authentication, 807–808 hints, 200 misuse, 199–200 secondary challenge, 200 time-limited URLs, 174–175 requirements, 192 resetting, 175 system-generated, 192 truncated, 180–181 weak, 161–162 path restriction cookies, 247–248 path traversal vulnerabilities Apple iDisk Server, 690 application mapping, 371 attackers circumventing obstacles, 374–377 successful, 374 targets, 370–371 causes, 368–369 chrooted file system, 380–381 custom encoding, 377–378 detecting, 372–374 initial testing, 372 exploiting, 379 finding, 370–378 hacker’s methodology, 833–835 input filters, 374–377 Microsoft IIS, 691–692 MySQL, 651 preventing, 379–381 source code, 706–707 subtlety, 370 UNIX compared to Windows, 374
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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Chapter 3 n Web Application Technol
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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Chapter 7 n Attacking Session Manag
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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Page 892 and 893: 856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
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Page 896 and 897: 860 Index n D-D CSS. See Cascading
Page 898 and 899: 862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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Page 906 and 907: 870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
Page 908 and 909: 872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
Page 910 and 911: 874 Index n T-T signatures of commo
Page 912 and 913: 876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
Page 914: 878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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