the-web-application-hackers-handbook

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770 Chapter 20 n A Web Application Hacker’s Toolkit been identified based on the contents of responses passing through the proxy (by parsing links, forms, scripts, and so on). After you have manually mapped the application’s visible content using your browser, you may additionally use the Spider and Content Discovery functions to actively probe the application for additional content. The outputs from these tools are also added to the site map. Web browser Recon and analysis Intercepting proxy passive spidering active spidering Spider Proxy history Site map active discovery Content discovery attack surface confirm some vulnerabilities in browser passive scanning Scanner Repeater Fuzzer Vulnerability detection and exploitation Token analyzer Vulnerabilities Figure 20-14: A typical work flow for using an integrated testing suite When you have mapped the application’s content and functionality, you can assess its attack surface. This is the set of functionality and requests that warrants closer inspection in an attempt to find and exploit vulnerabilities. When testing for vulnerabilities, you typically select items from the proxy interception window, proxy history, or site map, and send these to other tools within the suite to perform specific tasks. As we have described, you can use the fuzzing tool to probe for input-based vulnerabilities and deliver other attacks such as harvesting sensitive information. You can use the vulnerability scanner to automatically check for common vulnerabilities, using both passive and
Chapter 20 n A Web Application Hacker’s Toolkit 771 active techniques. You can use the token analyzer tool to test the randomness properties of session cookies and other tokens. And you can use the request repeater to modify and reissue an individual request repeatedly to probe for vulnerabilities or exploit bugs you have already discovered. Often you will pass individual items back and forth between these different tools. For example, you may select an interesting item from a fuzzing attack, or an issue reported by the vulnerability scanner, and pass this to the request repeater to verify the vulnerability or refine an exploit. For many types of vulnerabilities, you will typically need to go back to your browser to investigate an issue further, confirm whether an apparent vulnerability is genuine, or test a working exploit. For example, having found a cross-site scripting flaw using the vulnerability scanner or request repeater, you may paste the resulting URL back into your browser to confirm that your proof-of-concept exploit is executed. When testing possible access control bugs, you may view the results of particular requests in your current browser session to confirm the results within a specific user context. If you discover a SQL injection flaw that can be used to extract large amounts of information, you might revert to your browser as the most useful location to display the results. You should not regard the work flow described here as in any way rigid or restrictive. In many situations, you may test for bugs by entering unexpected input directly into your browser or into the proxy interception window. Some bugs may be immediately evident in requests and responses without the need to involve any more attack-focused tools. You may bring in other tools for particular purposes. You also may combine the components of the testing suite in innovative ways that are not described here and maybe were not even envisioned by the tool’s author. Integrated testing suites are hugely powerful creations, with numerous interrelated features. The more creative you can be when using them, the more likely you are to discover the most obscure vulnerabilities! Alternatives to the Intercepting Proxy One item that you should always have available in your toolkit is an alternative to the usual proxy-based tools for the rare situations in which they cannot be used. Such situations typically arise when you need to use some nonstandard authentication method to access the application, either directly or via a corporate proxy, or where the application uses an unusual client SSL certificate or browser extension. In these cases, because an intercepting proxy interrupts the HTTP connection between client and server, you may find that the tool prevents you from using some or all of the application’s functionality. The standard alternative approach in these situations is to use an in-browser tool to monitor and manipulate the HTTP requests generated by your browser. It remains the case that everything that occurs on the client, and all data submitted to the server, is in principle under your full control. If you so desired, you could write your own fully customized browser to perform any task you
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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Chapter 5 n Bypassing Client-Side C
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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Chapter 7 n Attacking Session Manag
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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288 Chapter 9 n Attacking Data Stor
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358 Chapter 10 n Attacking Back-End
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406 Chapter 11 n Attacking Applicat
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432 Chapter 12 n Attacking Users: C
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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854 Index n A-A hacker’s methodol
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856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
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858 Index n C-C XSS, 450-451 “cha
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860 Index n D-D CSS. See Cascading
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862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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864 Index n H-H script injection, 8
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866 Index n J-J error messages, 388
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868 Index n M-O secret questions, 1
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870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
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872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
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874 Index n T-T signatures of commo
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876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
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878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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