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756 Chapter 20 n A Web Application Hacker’s Toolkit through either tunnel, gain access to its cleartext form, and then reencrypt it for transmission through the other tunnel. Attacker Internet Target CONNECT wahh-app:433 200 Connection established Intercepting proxy SSL tunnel 1 SSL tunnel 2 1101001000100 11010100000... GET / HTTP/1.1 User-Agent: Mozilla/ 4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1) Host: wahh-app.com ... 1001001101000 10001001001... 1100100110010 01010101110... HTTP/1.1 200 OK Content-Type: text/ html Content-Length: 24246 ... 0010010100001 01111010100... Figure 20-3: An intercepting proxy lets you view and modify HTTPS communications Of course, if any suitably positioned attacker could perform this trick without detection, SSL would be fairly pointless, because it would not protect the privacy and integrity of communications between the browser and server. For this reason, a key part of the SSL handshake involves using cryptographic certificates to authenticate the identity of either party. To perform the server’s end of the SSL handshake with the browser, the intercepting proxy must use its own SSL certificate, because it does not have access to the private key used by the destination server. In this situation, to protect against attacks, browsers warn the user, allowing her to view the spurious certificate and decide whether to trust it. Figure 20-4 shows the warning presented by IE. When an intercepting proxy is being used, both the browser and proxy are fully under the attacker’s control, so he can accept the spurious certificate and allow the proxy to create two SSL tunnels. When you are using your browser to test an application that uses a single domain, handling the browser security warning and accepting the proxy’s
Chapter 20 n A Web Application Hacker’s Toolkit 757 homegrown certificate in this way normally is straightforward. However, in other situations you may still encounter problems. Many of today’s applications involve numerous cross-domain requests for images, script code, and other resources. When HTTPS is being used, each request to an external domain causes the browser to receive the proxy’s invalid SSL certificate. In this situation, browsers usually do not warn the user and thus do not give her the option to accept the invalid SSL certificate for each domain. Rather, they typically drop the cross-domain requests, either silently or with an alert stating that this has occurred. Figure 20-4: Using an intercepting proxy with HTTPS communications generates a warning in the attacker’s browser Another situation in which the proxy’s homegrown SSL certificates can cause problems is when you use a thick client running outside the browser. Normally, these clients simply fail to connect if an invalid SSL certificate is received and provide no way to accept the certificate. Fortunately, there is a simple way to circumvent these problems. On installation, Burp Suite generates a unique CA certificate for the current user and stores this on the local machine. When Burp Proxy receives an HTTPS request to a new domain, it creates a new host certificate for this domain on-the-fly and signs it using the CA certificate. This means that the user can install Burp’s CA certificate as a trusted root in her browser (or other trust store). All the resulting per-host certificates are accepted as valid, thereby removing all SSL errors caused by the proxy.
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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Chapter 5 n Bypassing Client-Side C
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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Chapter 7 n Attacking Session Manag
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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288 Chapter 9 n Attacking Data Stor
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358 Chapter 10 n Attacking Back-End
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406 Chapter 11 n Attacking Applicat
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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Chapter 19 n Finding Vulnerabilitie
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854 Index n A-A hacker’s methodol
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856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
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858 Index n C-C XSS, 450-451 “cha
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860 Index n D-D CSS. See Cascading
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862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
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864 Index n H-H script injection, 8
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866 Index n J-J error messages, 388
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868 Index n M-O secret questions, 1
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870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
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872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
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874 Index n T-T signatures of commo
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876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
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878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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