the-web-application-hackers-handbook

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860 Index n D–D CSS. See Cascading Style Sheets Curl, 788 custom development, web applications, 10 custom encoding, path traversal vulnerabilities, 377–378 customized automation barriers to, 602–612 Burp Intruder, 590–602 data harvesting attack, 598–600 enumerating identifiers attack, 594–597 fuzzing attack, 600–602 CAPTCHA puzzles, 610–612 attackers, 610–611 automatically solving, 611–612 humans solving, 612 data harvesting, 572 basic approach, 584–586 Burp Intruder, 598–600 causes, 583–584 JAttack, 585–586 uses, 584 efficiency, 571 enumerating identifiers, 572–583 basic approach, 574 Burp Intruder, 594–597 detecting hits, 574–576 examples, 573 HTTP status code, 574 JAttack, 577–583 Location header, 575 response body, 575 response length, 574–575 scripting, 576–577 Set-Cookie header, 575 time delays, 575–576 fuzzing, 572–573 Burp Intruder, 600–602 JAttack, 588–590 objective, 586–587 strings, 587 session-handling mechanisms, 602–609 standalone vulnerability scanners, 780–781 uses, 572–573 Cygwin environment, 577 D DAC. See discretionary access control data capture. See cross-domain data capture data harvesting, 572 basic approach, 584–586 Burp Intruder, 598–600 causes, 583–584 JAttack, 585–586 uses, 584 data stores. See also Extensible Markup Language; Lightweight Directory Access Protocol; Structured Query Language accessing, 288–289 NoSQL, 342–343 privilege level, 287 web applications relying on, 287 data transmission. See also user input back-end components, 357 browser extensions intercepting, 135–139 obstacles, 138–139 serialized data, 136–138 client-side, 118–127 ASP.NET ViewState, 124–127 for developers, 118 hacker’s methodology, 801 hidden HTML forms, 118–120 HTTP cookies, 121 opaque data, 123–124 Referrer header, 122 security, 154–156 URL parameters, 121–122 lazy load approach, 626 opaque, 123–124 attackers, 124 database administrator (DBA), 325–326 The Database Hacker’s Handbook, 326 databases access ASP.NET API methods, 721 Java API methods, 714–715 Perl language API methods, 737–738 code components dangerous, 742 SQL injection, 741–742 error messages, 619–622 encryption oracle, 620–622 information disclosure, 619–620 XSS in, 620 escalation attacks, 319, 325–328 fingerprinting, 303–304 information_schema, 309–310 MS-SQL attackers, 326–327 automated exploitation, 330 batch queries, 317 default lockdown, 326–327 error messages, 334–338 out-of-band channels, 317 syntax, 332–334 WAITFOR command, 322–323 Oracle attackers, 327 11g, 318 error messages, 334–338 out-of-band channels, 317–318 syntax, 332–334 time delays, 323–324 UNION operator, 307–308 searchable and sortable, 321–322 stored procedures, 339 Davtest, 680 DBA. See database administrator debuggers browser extensions attaching, 151–152 error messages, 425–426, 618–619 common, 619 hacker’s methodology, application mapping, 798 hacker’s methodology, browser extensions, 803–804 Java, 151–152 messages application logic flaws, 424–426 verbose, 425 Silverlight, 152 web server, 671–672 declarative access controls, 282–283 decompiling browser extensions, 139–150 bytecode, 139–141 bytecode obfuscation, 144–146 Java applets example, 146–150 JavaScript manipulating original bytecode, 144 source code, 142–144 hacker’s methodology, browser extensions, 802–803 Jad, Java, 148–150 decryption algorithms, 650 default content
Index n E–E 861 hacker’s methodology, application mapping, 797 web server, 671–677 hacker’s methodology, 847 default credentials, web server, 670–671 hacker’s methodology, 846 default lockdown, MS-SQL databases, 326–327 defense in depth SQL injection, 342 tiered architectures, 656 web server software, 696–697 defense mechanisms. See also security access authentication, 18–19 control, 20–21 session management, 19–20 attackers, 30–35 administrator alerting, 33–34 audit log maintenance, 31–32 errors, 30–31 reacting to, 34–35 elements, 17–18 input, 21–29 approaches to, 23–25 user access, 18–21 defensive filters, reflected XSS, 455–456 DELETE method, 679 DELETE statements, 297–298 deliberate backdoor scripts, 660–661 developers application logic flaws, 429–430 client-side data transmission, 118 HTML encoding mistakes, 494–495 web applications security, 3 digest authentication, 50–51 directory listings, web servers, 677–679 Allaire JRun, 690–691 directory names, 105 disabled elements attackers, 132–133 HTML forms, 131–133 discount cheating, application logic flaws, 418, 429 discretionary access control (DAC), 282 disjunctive queries filters, 350 LDAP injection, 351 .dll files, 141 DNS rebinding, 563–564 DOCTYPE element, 384–385 document object model (DOM), 61 hacker’s methodology, 849–850 JavaScript, 440 JavaScript API methods, 740 web functionality, 62 XSS, 440–442 delivering, 448–449 finding and exploiting, 487–491 input validation, 497 output validation, 497–498 preventing, 496–498 reflected XSS converted to, 472–473 steps, 441 DocumentRoot directive, 683 DOM. See document object model domain restriction cookies, 245–247 DOMTracer, 488 dot character, script code bypassing filters alternatives to, 466 “dot-dot-slash” sequence, 369. See also path traversal vulnerabilities Dowd, Mark, 634 downloading bytecode, 140 encrypting tokens, 231–232 drop-down menus, authentication, 193 DSer, Burp Suite, 136–137 Dump Servlet, Jetty, 672 dynamic code execution ASP.NET API methods, 722 Java API methods, 715 OS command injection, 362 vulnerabilities, 366–367 Perl language API methods, 738 PHP API methods, 730–731 dynamically constructed strings, 466 E E4X. See ECMAScript for XML Eagle, Chris, 634 eavesdroppers authentication, 169 session tokens, 234 eBay, 505 ECB ciphers. See electronic cookbook ciphers Echo Mirage, 139 ECMAScript for XML (E4X), 463 JavaScript hijacking, 523–524 edit parameter, 107 Edwards, Dean, 471 EJB. See Enterprise Java Bean electronic cookbook ciphers (ECB ciphers), 224–226 e-mail account activation URLs, 184 credentials sent in, 184 forged, 448 header injection, 398–399 stored XSS testing, 483–484 as username, 167, 196 encoding Apache chunked overflow, 688 attackers and, 66–67 Base64, 69 ASP.NET ViewState, 125–126 custom, path traversal vulnerabilities, 377–378 hex, 69–70 HTML, 68–69 developer mistakes, 494–495 script code bypassing filters, 468 Unicode, 67–68 Burp Intruder, 375 URL, 67 SQL injection, 300–301 truncating, 378 web server software, 689–694 encrypting .NET, 686 “remember me” function, 177 tokens, 223–233 attackers, 232–233 Burp Intruder bit flipper, 228–231 CBC, 227–233 downloading, 231–232 ECB ciphers, 224–226 “reveal” encryption oracle, 232 encryption oracle application logic flaws, 407–408 “remember me” function, 407 database error messages, 620–622 “reveal,” encrypting tokens, 232 Enterprise Java Bean (EJB), 53 enterprise resource planning software (ERP), 4 enumerating identifiers, 572–583 basic approach, 574 Burp Intruder, 594–597
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The Web Application Hacker’s Hand
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About the Authors Dafydd Stuttard i
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MDSec: The Authors’ Company Dafyd
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Contents Introduction xxiii Chapter
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Contents xi Chapter 5 Bypassing Cli
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Contents xiii Testing Restrictions
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Contents xv Payloads for XSS Attack
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Contents xvii “Off-by-One” Vuln
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Contents xix Technical Challenges F
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Contents xxi 12 Miscellaneous Check
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xxiv Introduction attacker. If you
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xxvi Introduction Chapters 6, 7, an
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xxviii Introduction internal workin
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xxx Introduction If you want to foc
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xxxii Introduction web users that d
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CHAPTER 1 Web Application (In)secur
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Chapter 1 n Web Application (In)sec
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CHAPTER 3 Web Application Technolog
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Chapter 3 n Web Application Technol
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CHAPTER 5 Bypassing Client-Side Con
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Chapter 5 n Bypassing Client-Side C
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CHAPTER 7 Attacking Session Managem
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Chapter 7 n Attacking Session Manag
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CHAPTER 8 Attacking Access Controls
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Chapter 8 n Attacking Access Contro
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288 Chapter 9 n Attacking Data Stor
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358 Chapter 10 n Attacking Back-End
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432 Chapter 12 n Attacking Users: C
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CHAPTER 13 Attacking Users: Other T
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CHAPTER 16 Attacking Native Compile
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CHAPTER 19 Finding Vulnerabilities
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Chapter 19 n Finding Vulnerabilitie
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Page 846 and 847: 810 Chapter 21 n A Web Application
Page 890 and 891: 854 Index n A-A hacker’s methodol
Page 892 and 893: 856 Index n B-B meaningful, 212 URL
Page 894 and 895: 858 Index n C-C XSS, 450-451 “cha
Page 898 and 899: 862 Index n F-F detecting hits, 574
Page 900 and 901: 864 Index n H-H script injection, 8
Page 902 and 903: 866 Index n J-J error messages, 388
Page 904 and 905: 868 Index n M-O secret questions, 1
Page 906 and 907: 870 Index n Q-R user input, 379-380
Page 908 and 909: 872 Index n S-S second-order XSS. S
Page 910 and 911: 874 Index n T-T signatures of commo
Page 912 and 913: 876 Index n V-W provisos, 305-306 S
Page 914: 878 Index n X-Z WHERE clause DELETE
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