Institutional Racism

During a reform effort in 1947, the French created a bicameral legislature with one
house for the French citizens and another for the Muslims but made a European's vote
equal seven times a Muslim's vote. Even the events of 1961 will show that Frances'
treatment of the Algerians had not changed over the years, as the police took up the
institutional racism the French state had made law in their treatment of Arabs whom, as
Frenchmen, had re-located to the continent.
Further reading:
Paris massacre of 1961
Part of Algerian war
Deaths 40/200+
a demonstration of some 30,000
Victims pro-National Liberation Front
(FLN) Algerians
Head of the Parisian police,
Perpetrators Maurice Papon, the French
National Police
Original text: Library of Congress Country Study of Algeria
Aussaresses, Paul. The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–
1957. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010) ISBN 978-1-929631-30-8.
Bennoune, Mahfoud. The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830-1987 (Cambridge University
Press, 2002)
Gallois, William. A History of Violence in the Early Algerian Colony (2013), On French violence
1830-1847 online review
Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962, (Viking Adult, 1978)
Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina
The Battle of Algiers
The 1961 massacre was referenced in Caché, a 2005 film by Michael Haneke.
The 2005 French television drama-documentary Nuit noire, 17 octobre 1961 explores in detail the
events of the massacre. It follows the lives of several people and also shows some of the
divisions within the Paris police, with some openly arguing for more violence while others tried to
uphold the rule of law.
Drowning by Bullets, a television documentary in the British Secret History series, first shown on
13 July 1992.
Malaysia
The Malaysian Chinese and Indian-Malaysians – who are significant ethnic minorities in
Malaysia – were granted citizenship by the Malaysian Constitution but this implied a
social contract that left them at a disadvantage and discriminated in other ways, as
Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia refers to the special "position" and "privileges"
of the Muslim Malay people as supposed initial dwellers of the land.
In 1970 the Malaysian New Economic Policy a program of affirmative action aimed at
increasing the share of the economy held by the Malay population, introduced quotas
for Malays in areas such as public education, access to housing, vehicle imports,
government contracts and share ownership. Initially meant as a measure to curb the
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