Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers

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Menz J, Winkelmann RK. 1987. Sensitivity to wild vegetation. Contact Dermatitis 16(3):169-73. Qin L, Han T, Li H, Zhang Q, Zheng H. 2006. A new thiazinedione from Xanthium strumarium. Fitoterapia 77(3):245-6. Roussakis C, Chinou I, Vayas C, Harvala C, Verbist JF. 1994. Cytotoxic activity of xanthatin and the crude extracts of Xanthium strumarium. Planta Medica 60(5):473-4. Stuart BP, Cole RJ, Gosser HS. 1981. Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium, L. var. strumarium) intoxication in swine: review and redefinition of the toxic principle. Vet Pathol 18(3):368-83. Talakal TS, Dwivedi SK, Sharma SR. 1995. In vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of Xanthium strumarium leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 49(3):141-5. Turgut M, Alhan CC, Gurgoze M, Kurt A, Dogan Y, Tekatli M, Akpolat N, Aygun AD. 2005. Carboxyatractyloside poisoning in humans. Ann Trop Paediatr 25(2):125-32. Wang S, Zhang J, Xu J. 1998. [Pharmacological identification of fructus glychrrhizae—an adulterant of fructus Xanthii]. [Chinese] Zhong Yao Cai 21(3):119-22. Café OTHER COMMON NAMES Coffee (English). SCIENTIFIC NAME Coffea arabica L. [Rubiaceae (Bedstraw or Madder Family)]. DOMINICAN MEDICINAL USES In ethnobotanical studies conducted in New York City, Dominican interview participants reported using or knowing about the use of this plant as a remedy for the following conditions or effects (Yukes et al. 2002-2003): - Arthritis - Backache - Diarrhea - Inflamed gums - Intestinal parasites - Limpiar la sangre - Sexually transmitted infections - Skin disorders - Toothache Plant Part Used: Seeds, leaves and bark. Traditional Preparation: Raw seeds are prepared by fermenting, drying, roasting, grinding and finally brewing them in hot water to make coffee. When the leaves or bark are used, they are prepared as a decoction or alcohol tincture and applied topically. 196
Traditional Uses: Café seeds are typically prepared as a coffee beverage and often used therapeutically as a stimulant, laxative or diuretic, sometimes combined with lemon or lime. For intestinal parasites and diarrhea, leaves of café are boiled with senna (guajabo) leaves or sometimes with wormseed (apasote) leaves and taken as a tea. For skin disorders such as paño (skin fungal infection), the leaves are prepared as a bath. For arthritis and back pain or muscle aches, the seeds of café are combined with ginger (jengibre) root and guinea hen-weed (anamú) root and prepared as a mixed-herb drink (botella) by tincturing them in gin (jinebra) for several days to weeks and applying externally to the affected area. For toothache or inflammation of the mouth or gums, a mouthrinse (buche or enjuague) is made of unsweetened coffee with a little bit of salt. Black coffee (café negro or café puro) is also said to cleanse the blood and is taken for treating sexually transmitted infections (i.e. gonorrhea and HIV), which are said to contaminate the blood with pathogens. Herbalists advise that drinking coffee too early in the morning or on an empty stomach is said to cause anxiety or nervousness. Availability: Roasted seeds are typically bought from grocery stores, supermarkets, of local bodegas and sold as either whole or ground beans. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Café (Coffea arabica) is an evergreen shrub or small tree that grows 1.5-3 m tall (sometimes up to 7 m) with many paired branches. Leaves are narrowly oval to oblong in shape and shiny dark green in color. Flowers grow from the leaf axils in tight clusters with short stalks and petals that are white, funnel-shaped and jasmine-scented. Fruits are fleshy berries (1.5-1.8 cm long) with skins that turn bright red, yellow or purple when mature. Each fruit contains two seeds which are fermented, dried and roasted to make coffee (Acevedo-Rodríguez 1996). Distribution: This plant is native to Africa and the Middle East and is widely cultivated throughout the tropics, often persisting in the wild after cultivation (Acevedo-Rodríguez 1996). SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS In general, no health hazards or negative side effects are associated with the appropriate therapeutic use of this plant. Even in large quantities (5 cups daily), no toxicity was observed in healthy adults accustomed to drinking coffee. Prolonged daily intake of large amounts (5.6 cups per day) can result in significant increases in LDL and overall cholesterol levels. Potential side effects are attributed to coffee’s chlorogenic acid content and can include diarrhea, appetite suppression, hyperacidity and stomach irritation. Long-term intake of ≥ 1.5 g caffeine daily can result in nonspecific symptoms including dizziness, irritability, diarrhea, upset stomach, headache, restlessness, insomnia and heart palpitations and can also result in physical and psychological dependency with withdrawal symptoms of headache and sleeping disorders. Intake of extremely large quantities of coffee can result in caffeine overdose and potentially fatal poisoning (LD 50 for an adult = 75 cups of coffee for 50 kg body weight). There has been one report of fatality in a child following intake of 5.3 g caffeine (Gruenwald et al. 2004). Contraindications: Caffeine (including coffee) should be avoided during pregnancy (no more than 3 cups coffee daily = 300 mg caffeine). Lactating mothers who drink caffeinated beverages may lead to sleeping disorders for their nursing infants. For people with renal dysfunction, hyperthyroidism, sensitive cardiovascular systems or disposition to psychological disorders or convulsions, caution is advised (Gruenwald et al. 2004). Drug Interactions: Coffee can interfere with the resorption of other drugs (Gruenwald et al. 2004). The following medications may inhibit caffeine metabolism or clearance: oral contraceptives, cimetidine, furafylline, verapamil, disulfiram, fluconoazole, mexiletine, phenylpropanolamine, numerous quinolone 197
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DOMINICAN MEDICINAL PLANTS: A GUIDE
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Este libro está dedicado a la comu
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Gilda Pérez. We thank the Rosentha
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PART 1 INTRODUCTION AND HOW TO USE
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York Poison Control Center. Support
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controlled clinical trials is given
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Heading DOMINICAN MEDICINAL USES Pl
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comparing these specimens with herb
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PART 2: QUICK GUIDE TO HOME REMEDIE
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Warfarin: fruit may inhibit anticoa
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Clinical Data No human clinical tri
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analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antim
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Safety The fruit is generally consi
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for allergic reaction in gluten-sen
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Fruit. Dominican Medicinal Uses The
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oxide formation, serine proteinase
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Caffeine has been investigated in h
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Entire plant shown to be hepatotoxi
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Warfarin (risk of bleeding). Clinic
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Flecha An aromatic, alcohol-based l
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Plant Part Used Leaf. Dominican Med
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disease, hypertension, menopausal h
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Leaf: decoction, orally, for pain,
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oil, topically, for sinus infection
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* See entry for Roble in “Part 3:
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Aqueous root extract given at moder
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See Hierba mora. Zanahoria* Carrot
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Aguacate OTHER COMMON NAMES Hojas d
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infections and cough (based on sign
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Activity/Effect Preparation Design
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Craigmill AL, Seawright AA, Mattila
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Availability: As a popular culinary
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Clinical Data: Capsicum spp. Activi
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Cruz L, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Nava
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- Upper or lower respiratory tract
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Roberge RJ, Leckey R, Spence R, Kre
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estrogenic effect in the human body
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Se
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Effect Not Demonstrated Activity/Ef
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Yukes JE, Balick MJ, Kronenberg F,
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Oc
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Duke JA, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM. 19
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For treating sinusitis and headache
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Ci
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Traditional Preparation: The leaves
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Poso H, Wichmann K, Janne J, Luukka
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scavenging and wound healing (see
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REFERENCES Aires V, Adote S, Hicham
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mixtures and decocted or tinctured
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Am
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Mirone C, Albert F, Tosi A, Mocchet
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Drug Interactions: The effects of s
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Activity/Effect Preparation Study d
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Lewith GT, Godfrey AD, Prescott P.
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Contraindications: Internal use is
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Lores RI, Pujol MC. 1990. as cited
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Adverse effects in infants have bee
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Activity Preparation Study design R
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Sahraei H, Ghoshooni H, Hossein Sal
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Distinguishing Characteristics of C
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- Stomach disorders Plant Part Used
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In ethnobotanical studies conducted
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Clinical Data: Chenopodium ambrosio
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Kishore NJ, Chansouria JP, Dubey NK
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Apio (Apium graveolens) is a bienni
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For the species Cucurbita pepo: Cal
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that more investigation is needed t
Page 145 and 146: Germosén-Robineau L, ed. 1995. Hac
Page 147 and 148: Fruits are 7-12 mm long, narrowly o
Page 149 and 150: Activity/Effect Preparation Design
Page 153 and 154: Hallfrisch J, Scholfield DJ, Behall
Page 155 and 156: avoid bruising and exposure to mois
Page 159 and 160: Yukes JE, Balick MJ, Kronenberg F,
Page 161 and 162: - Limpiar la sangre - Menopausal ho
Page 163 and 164: Hiller K. 1987. as cited in Germos
Page 165 and 166: SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS As a widely co
Page 169 and 170: - Bronchitis - Common cold - Cough
Page 173 and 174: Goda Y, Hoshino K, Akiyama H, Ishik
Page 175 and 176: 25 g of butter) administered orally
Page 179 and 180: Germosén-Robineau L, ed. 2005. Far
Page 181 and 182: Availability: In New York City, the
Page 183 and 184: Liogier AH. 1985. La Flora de la Es
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Page 187 and 188: Supratman U, Fujita T, Akiyama K, H
Page 189 and 190: orally; this recommendation is base
Page 191 and 192: Perez C, Anesini C. 1994. as cited
Page 193 and 194: Contraindications: Unknown; insuffi
Page 195: Gleason H and Cronquist A. 1991. Ma
Page 199 and 200: Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Co
Page 201 and 202: SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE In laboratory
Page 205 and 206: Cañafístula OTHER COMMON NAMES Go
Page 211 and 212: Clinical Data: Cinnamomum verum Act
Page 213 and 214: In ethnobotanical studies conducted
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Page 217 and 218: Signs of intoxication from ingestin
Page 223 and 224: Coriander (English). SCIENTIFIC NAM
Page 225 and 226: Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A,
Page 227 and 228: the following nutrients: calcium, c
Page 229 and 230: Traditional Preparation: To prepare
Page 235 and 236: Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C
Page 237 and 238: Clinical Data: Vaccinium macrocarpo
Page 241 and 242: Grant P. 2004. Warfarin and cranber
Page 243 and 244: The wood of is also good for cleans
Page 245 and 246: REFERENCES Balick MJ, Kronenberg F,
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leaf-edges. Flowers grow singly and
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Dans AM, Villarruz MV, Jimeno CA, J
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facilities, some respondents report
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Eucalipto OTHER COMMON NAMES Eucaly
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Eu
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Distribution: This plant is native
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Caceres A, Cano O, Samayoa B, Aguil
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In one human clinical trial conduct
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nervios), a sedative tea is prepare
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Rolland et al. 1988. as cited in Ge
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- Vaginal infections Plant Part Use
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and can be taken as a remedy for la
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- Skin disorders - Upper or lower r
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Hierba Mora OTHER COMMON NAMES Yerb
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Clinical Data: Solanum americanum A
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Sultana S, Perwaiz S, Iqbal M, Atha
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calcium channel blockers and antihy
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Hawthorn M, Ferrante J, Lchowski E,
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Plant Part Used: Seeds and the oil
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Okwuasaba FK, Osunkwo UA, Ekwenchi
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Traditional Uses: Hinojo is associa
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Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A,
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BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Jagua (Genipa
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- Childbirth - labor pain - Fever -
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Clinical Data: Zingiber officinale
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Bhandari U, Shamsher AA, Pillai KK,
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Kar A, Choudhary BK, Bandyopadhyay
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Sugaya A, Tsuda T, Sugaya E, Usami
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along the sides of branches with wh
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the unripe fruit administered intra
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agr
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present in the citrus fruit rind. S
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Murcia MA, Jiménez AM, Martínez-T
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greater than the estimated correspo
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Duke JA, Beckstrom-Sternberg SM. 19
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Plant Part Used: Leaves. Traditiona
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SCIENTIFIC NAME Agave spp.; most co
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- Abortifacient - Contraception - I
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Balick MJ, Kronenberg F, Ososki AL,
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± 1.46 g/kg when administered intr
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Traditional Uses: Manzana is consid
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Yukes JE, Balick MJ, Kronenberg F,
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Ch
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BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Naranja agria
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REFERENCES Allison DB, Cutter G, Po
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or blockage of the digestive tract,
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Orégano Poleo OTHER COMMON NAMES O
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- Inflammation - Limpiar el sistema
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SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE Medline liter
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and as a source of sugar whereas th
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Boettger-Tong H, Shipley G, Hsu CJ,
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Distribution: Originally native to
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Dominican Republic, a decoction of
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- Uterine fibroids - Wounds Plant P
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Al
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Lee KH, Kim JH, Lim DS, Kim CH. 200
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active compounds include pyridine a
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- Nightsweats - Prostate disorders
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DOMINICAN MEDICINAL USES In ethnobo
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Yildirim A, Mavi A, Oktay M, Kara A
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Effect Not Demonstrated Activity/Ef
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to tomillo have been reported; howe
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Mikus J, Harkenthal M, Steverding D
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SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS The fruit and
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Laboratory and Preclinical Data: Ci
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Grenier J, Fradette C, Morelli G, M
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- Leukemia - Menstrual disorders -
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Clinical Data: Uncaria tomentosa Ac
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Carvalho MV, Penido C, Siani AC, Va
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Sandoval-Chacon M, Thompson JH, Zha
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SAFETY & PRECAUTIONS TRAMIL describ
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- Liver disorders - Menopausal hot
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Kumarasamy Y, Cox PJ, Jaspars M, Na
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mL milliliter(s) mm millimeter(s) m
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Divided: Cut into distinct parts, a
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such as ferns and cycads Stamen: Th
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