SUSTAINABLE BUS 2-2023
Topics? A clear picture of fundings available for zero emission buses in UK, an insight on the fuel cell bus market, a glimpse of the largest electric bus fleet in Middle East (hint: Mowasalat). Again: focus on safety precautions in H2 bus depots, a commentary on the market for second hand e-buses (and battery residual value). Finally: technical presentations of VDL Citea new generation (cover story!), Iveco Bus Crossway LE CNG, Rampini Hydron (and new zero emission bus range)
Topics? A clear picture of fundings available for zero emission buses in UK, an insight on the fuel cell bus market, a glimpse of the largest electric bus fleet in Middle East (hint: Mowasalat). Again: focus on safety precautions in H2 bus depots, a commentary on the market for second hand e-buses (and battery residual value).
Finally: technical presentations of VDL Citea new generation (cover story!), Iveco Bus Crossway LE CNG, Rampini Hydron (and new zero emission bus range)
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OUTLOOKS<br />
EMCEL is a German-based<br />
engineering company<br />
focusing on hydrogen, fuel<br />
cells and e-mobility. Here<br />
on Sustainable Bus Magazine<br />
we host a contribution<br />
by Nicolò Queirazza and<br />
Lennart Heine.<br />
Source picture: IBAA GmbH<br />
& Co. KG<br />
ON SAFETY ISSUES OF HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE<br />
SAFETY IN H2<br />
<strong>BUS</strong> DEPOTS<br />
The deployment of hydrogen buses goes<br />
along with the installation of appropriate<br />
infrastructure. Focus on H2 proprierties and<br />
how to deal with safety issues<br />
To achieve the goal of decarbonization<br />
in Europe by 2050, other<br />
CO2-neutral technologies are<br />
needed instead of fossil fuels.<br />
Hydrogen is an energy carrier that plays<br />
an important role in the current energy<br />
transition due to its versatile properties<br />
and can be used as a link between several<br />
sectors.<br />
The use of hydrogen will require an<br />
extensive hydrogen infrastructure. Based<br />
on Figure 1, it can be seen that this<br />
infrastructure is divided into three main<br />
areas: production, distribution, and application.<br />
It should be noted that the type<br />
of hydrogen storage must be considered<br />
depending on the particular distribution<br />
and use.<br />
Gaseous hydrogen is mainly used in mobility<br />
today. Gaseous hydrogen is odorless,<br />
colorless and non-toxic. Like other<br />
gaseous fuels, it forms an ignitable gas<br />
mixture together with oxygen.<br />
Gas and hydrogen, properties?<br />
The lower concentration limit for ignition<br />
for this gas mixture is approx. 4 percent,<br />
which is very similar to the properties<br />
of natural gas (lower concentration limit<br />
for natural gas approx. 4.1 percent). Also<br />
similar are the ignition temperature (approx.<br />
560 °C) and the minimum ignition<br />
energy, which are well below the value of<br />
an average static discharge for both gases.<br />
And last but not least, hydrogen, like<br />
natural gas, is significantly lighter than<br />
air (density of air approx. 1.225 kg/m3).<br />
Thus, both gases quickly rise upward after<br />
being released into the environment.<br />
The material properties of hydrogen and<br />
natural gas are shown in Figure 2.<br />
The strong analogies between the two gases<br />
are also reflected at the safety level.<br />
For example, similar safety measures<br />
and concepts comparable to natural gas<br />
technology are applied to hydrogen. This<br />
is also the case with hydrogen refueling<br />
stations, which have similarities with<br />
natural gas refueling stations in terms of<br />
their safety concept.<br />
A closer look at H2 filling stations<br />
Figure 3 shows the typical components of<br />
a hydrogen filling station. These include<br />
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