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Seedling Growth of Gmelina Arborea (Roxb) as Influenced by Crude Oil in Soil 404 Table 5: Dry biomass (g) of G. arborea seedlings as influenced by crude oil in soil Oil in soil (%w/w) Plant parts Roots Stems Leaves 0 0.9a 1.2a 0.7a 4 0.7b 0.8b 0.5b 8 0.4c 5.9c 3.1c 12 0.2d 0.3d 0.1d Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different at P=0.05 using Duncan’s multiple range test. The observed reductions in the growth characters of the test plant with increasing oil levels could be due to nutrient deficiency in soil that received oil treatment. This could have stemmed from nutrient immobilisation. Agbogidi et al. (2005b) and Agbogidi and Ejemete (2005) noted that symptoms of oil pollution of soil on plants were typical of extreme nutrient deficiency. This finding is in harmony with prior report of Schwendinger (1968) who observed that nutrient deficiency symptoms in crude oil affected areas could be indirectly proportional to water uptake, as such, plant damage was most probably due to a derangement of the plant- water relations of the roots within the soil. Bamidele and Agbogidi (2000) and Bamidele and Agbogidi (2006) also noted that apart from damage the foliage, the interference with uptake of water and nutrients as direct biochemical toxicity of hydrocarbons could be a serious factor in oil pollution effects. Oil contaminated soils were found to depress leaf growth and enlargement hence the observed reduced number of leaves and leaf area in seedlings exposed to oil treatment when compared with their counterparts grown in the uncontaminated soils. The uptake of toxic substances in the oil including heavy metals could have also inhibited growth in the height and development in leaf growth and collar girth of seedlings to oil treatment. Leaf shedding / leaf drop seedlings exposed to 12% of the oil as from the second month after transplanting could have accounted for the observed significant reductions both in the number of leaves and leaf area. Leaf shedding could have arisen from inadequate leaf turgidity consequent upon the adulterated structure of the soil following crude oil application to soil. The observation supports prior report by Agbogidi et al. (2006a). Agbogidi and Nweke (2005) and Agbogidi and Eshegbeyi (2006) had reported that crude oil application to soil has a damaging effect on leaf initiation and production as well as cell expansion and enlargement. Crude oil application to soil could have also caused an obstruction to the xylem and phloem vessels of the seedlings thereby inhibiting translocation of both photosynthates and water throughout the plant body and subsequently, the observed reduced yield biomass compared to the high dry weight yields of seedlings grown in soils without crude oil treatment. Previous investigations by Agbogidi and Ofuoku (2005) indicated that yield reduction consequent upon crude oil application to soil could have stemmed from an inhibition of photosynthesis due to a decrease in carbon dioxide assimilation. Many researchers including Baker (1970) had demonstrated that crude oil consistently reduce the rate of photosynthesis through cell injury and disruptions in cell membranes. Yield reductions following crude oil treatment have been reported by Udo and Oputa (1984), Anoliefo and Vwioko (1994), Jaja and Barber (1999), Agbogidi and Nweke (2005), Agbogidi and Edema (2003), Agbogidi and Eshegbeyi (2006) Agbogidi et al. (2006b) and Bamidele and Agbogidi (2006). The observed negative relationship between the dry matters yield of the seedlings and the crude oil contamination level is not out of place as the seedlings had stopped growing normally consequent upon the adulterated structure of the soil following crude oil application to soil.
405 Agbogidi, O. M, Dolor, D. E and Okechukwu, E. M References [1] Agbogidi, O.M. and Edema, N. E. 2003. Effects of crude oil and its water-soluble fraction on the growth of Panicum repens Linn. Nigerian Journal of Ecology 6:1-4. [2] Agbogidi, O.M. and Ejemete, O.R. 2005. An assessment of the effects of crude oil pollution on soil properties, germination and growth of Gambaya albida (L.). Uniswa Research Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 8 (2): 148-155 [3] Agbogidi, O.M. and Eshegbeyi, O.F. 2006. Performance of Dacryodes edulis (Don. G. Lam H.J.) seeds and seedlings in a crude oil contaminated soil. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 22 (3/4) (In press). [4] Agbogidi, O.M. and Nweke, F.U. 2005. Effects of crude oil polluted soil on the performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Moench in Delta State. African Journal of Natural Sciences 8 (1) (In press). [5] Agbogidi, O.M. and Ofuoku, A.U. 2005. Response of sour sop (Annona muricata Linn.) to crude oil levels. Journal of Sustainable Tropical Agricultural Research 16:98-102. [6] Agbogidi, O.M., Okonta, B.C. and Dolor, D.E. 2005a. Socio-economic and environmental impact of crude oil exploration and production on agricultural production: a case study of Edjeba and Kokori communities in Delta State of Nigeria. Global Journal of Environmental Sciences 4 (2): 171-176. [7] Agbogidi, O.M., Nweke, F.U. and Eshegbeyi, O.F. 2005b. Effects of soil pollution by crude oil on seedling growth of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Witt. Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (2) (In press). [8] Agbogidi, O.M., Onosode, A. T. and Ofuoku, A .U. 2006a. Impact of crude oil on the performance of pararubber, Hevea brasiliensis (Kunth) Muell in Delta State, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research 13 (2): 165 – 171. [9] Agbogidi, O.M., Onosode, A.T. and Okonta, B.C. 2006b. Susceptibility of Dennettia tripetala (Bak.) F. seeds to crude oil. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 4 (2): 350 – 352. [10] Akoun, J., Amadi, J., Ijeoma, N., Uche, C. and Ameh, C. 2002. A review of past research activities on Gmelina arborea in forestry research institute of Nigeria. In: Abu J.E., Oni, P.I. and Popoola, L. (eds.). Proceedings off the 28 th Annual Conference of FAN, held in Akure,Ondo State between 4 th and 8 th of November, 2002. Pp 286 – 293. [11] Anoliefo, G. and D.E. Vwioko. 1994. Effects of spent lubricating oil on the growth of Capsicum annum (L) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Miller). Environmental Pollution 88:361- 364 [12] Anonymous 1966. International rules for seed testing association, Norway (ISTA) Seed Service and Tech., No. 4. [13] Asaba Metrological Station, 2003. National Meteorological Report. In: Meteorological Bulletin, 2003, Lagos, Nigeria [14] Baker, J.M. 1970. The effects of oil on plants. Environmental Pollution 1:27-44. [15] Bamidele, J.F. and . Agbogidi, O. M. 2000. Toxicity of odidi petroleum oil and its watersoluble fraction on three aquatic macrophytes. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment 2:113-121. [16] Bamidele, J.F. and. Agbogidi, O.M. 2006. The effects of crude oil on the seedling growth of Machaerium lunatus (L) G. F. W. MED. Discovery and Innovation 18(2)(In Press). [17] Ekpo, M. A. and Nwankpo, I .L. 2005. The effect of crude oil on micro organisms and growth of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in the tropics. Journal of Sustainable Tropical Agricultural Research 16: 67 – 71. [18] Etuukudo, 1. 2000. Forests: our divine treasure. Dorand Publishers, Uyo. [19] Jaja, E.T. and Barber, L. I. 1999. Effects of crude oil pollution on the carbohydrate content of Oryza sativum at different stages of growth. In: Elemo, G.N. (ed.). Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology (NIFST) held in Abuja between 25th and 27th Oct., 1999. Pp 45 - 46
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