European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
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Aetiology and Epidemiology <strong>of</strong> Sever Infantile Diarrhoea in Baghdad, Iraq 368<br />
study, a large majority <strong>of</strong> the infants developing rotavirus diarrhoea were at age when the infants<br />
would have little contact with other children. Increases incidence <strong>of</strong> rotavirus infection was associated<br />
with infants who were breast-fed and who were nursed by their mothers, rather than by others.<br />
Although adults rarely suffer from rotavirus diarrhoea, it has been shown that the level <strong>of</strong> serum<br />
rotavirus antibodies increases with age in females, reaching a peak during their child-bearing years<br />
[36].<br />
EPEC is second to Rotavirus as the most common <strong>of</strong> the enteric pathogens isolated, other<br />
similar result was reported by [37].<br />
Infection by Rotavirus and Salmonella are more important clinically than infections due to<br />
Campylobacter which has a shorter duration, although it was uncommon that the above described<br />
infection may be complicated by secondary infection and this usually resulted in more protracted<br />
diseases with greater loss <strong>of</strong> body weight.<br />
Over third <strong>of</strong> the diarrhea episodes presently investigated had no identifiable cause. Some <strong>of</strong><br />
which were presumably <strong>of</strong> a non-infectious aetiology while others may have been caused by enteric<br />
pathogens not presently investigated. The latter may include other enteric viruses such as adenovirus<br />
and Norwalk agent, or other parasites.<br />
Age presented as a prominent factor influencing the frequency <strong>of</strong> isolation <strong>of</strong> enteric pathogens<br />
associated with diarrhea. The majority <strong>of</strong> the infection occurred between 7 and 12 months <strong>of</strong> age,<br />
isolation <strong>of</strong> enteric pathogens exhibited 3 peaks, at 7-12 months(45%), 1-6 months(30.5%) and 13-24<br />
months <strong>of</strong> age(23.5%) respectively. These age periods corresponded with the times when infants were<br />
being nursed, after they had been weaned and when they began to walk. Presumably diarrhea occurring<br />
during the first two periods may be chiefly due to food-borne infections, while the environment may<br />
provide additional sources <strong>of</strong> infection when the infants begin to walk. Consequently, personal and<br />
food hygiene may be expected to be important influencing factors in the development <strong>of</strong> diarrhea<br />
during early infancy, and this may be the reason to had a high findings results detected in Ethiopia<br />
were Rotavirus detected in 49% EPEC in 19% and Campylobacter in 13% [37], a different result were<br />
reported by Mahmood & Feachemt in 1987[35] as the peak admissions <strong>of</strong> all infantile diarrhea<br />
occurred in the 2-3 months age group.<br />
Thirty years ago the aetiologic agent used to be undetermined in the majority <strong>of</strong> acute<br />
diarrhoeal infections. Recent advance in the laboratory techniques had remarkable increased the<br />
recovery rate <strong>of</strong> significant enteropathogens in the stool <strong>of</strong> patient <strong>of</strong> patient with diarrhea. Rotavirus,<br />
Campylobacter, and ETEC were considered the most significant newly discovered enteropathogens<br />
[14, 9].The most frequent enteropathogen recovered in this study , as in most similar studies, was<br />
Rotavirus , the present isolation rate for campylobacter is considered about the average for developing<br />
countries which is in the range <strong>of</strong> 5-13% [37]. The isolation rate <strong>of</strong> pathogenic E. coli were 12.5% and<br />
2.5% for EPEC and ETEC, it could be higher if we had facilities to recover heat labile ETEC. Positive<br />
blood culture seemed to be rare in this studied cases 93 out <strong>of</strong> 157). Thus routine blood culture is<br />
probably an unnecessary procedure for management <strong>of</strong> acute diarrhea.<br />
Antimicrobial therapy was used prior to admission in 47.5% <strong>of</strong> the present cases.This rate is<br />
higher than the unacceptable high figure (40.3%) reported in this country before [38].With the<br />
exception <strong>of</strong> certain invasive bacterial and parasitic infections there is no evidence that antibiotics can<br />
reduce fluid loss in diarrhoeal diseases. It is justifiable to administer specific antimicrobial therapy for<br />
Shigella, campylobacter, G.lamblia and E. histolytica infections. Otherwise blind antimicrobial therapy<br />
would not be beneficial in the majority <strong>of</strong> patients and possibly harmful in others [39, 40].<br />
Many pediatrician over suspected septicaemia on clinical ground to give themselves<br />
justification for giving intensive antimicrobial agent treatment , forgetting that the sever clinical<br />
manifestations appearing on their patients are most likely due to pathophysiological disturbances<br />
associated with diarrhea rather than to septicemia.<br />
Prevention <strong>of</strong> diarrhea requires vast, complex and expensive medical, sociological and<br />
environmental improvements designed to reduce contact <strong>of</strong> enteric pathogens, increase awareness <strong>of</strong>