European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
European Journal of Scientific Research - EuroJournals
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Seedling Growth <strong>of</strong> Gmelina Arborea (Roxb) as Influenced by Crude Oil in Soil 402<br />
for quick vegetal cover <strong>of</strong> erosion sites. The tree is also readily used in taungya or agrisilviculture<br />
systems. G. arborea is popularly used in addition to the non – nitrogenous indigenous species like<br />
Anthornatha macrophylla and Dialium guineensis in alley cropping. It is also locally used to demarcate<br />
boundaries. As a result <strong>of</strong> it’s use as a timber tree, pulpwood, matchstick, ornamental, fodder,<br />
fuelwood, bee forage and a shade plant, G. arbores is known to display multipurpose uses (Etukudo,<br />
2000).<br />
Severe ecological damage has occurred in the Niger Delta area where most <strong>of</strong> the oil industrial<br />
activities are predominant (Agbogidi and Edema, 2003). Oil exploration and exploitation activities<br />
though, with tremendous economic benefits, have been reported to have serious adverse effects on<br />
plants and the environment (Agbogidi et al., 2005a; Ekpo and Nwankpa, 2005; Agbogidi and Ejemete,<br />
2005; Agbogidi and Eshegbeyi, 2006). With the teaming population <strong>of</strong> Nigeria and high demand for<br />
forest species in many endeavours including fuel wood, timber needs and as fodder, it has become<br />
important to study the effects <strong>of</strong> crude oil contaminated soil on the seedling growth <strong>of</strong> Gmelina, which,<br />
though an exotic species, has displayed multipurpose uses over the years. The objective <strong>of</strong> this study<br />
was to investigate the seedling growth <strong>of</strong> Gmelina arborea as influenced by crude oil in soil.<br />
Materials and Methods<br />
The experiment was conducted in Delta State University, Asaba Campus with garden soil mixed with<br />
various crude oil concentrations (0%, 4%, 8% and 12%) constituting the treatments. The crude oil used<br />
was sourced from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Warri, Nigeria. The oil had a<br />
specific gravity <strong>of</strong> 0.864 gm -3 and API gravity <strong>of</strong> 38.9. The oil treated and the uncontaminated soils<br />
were kept in 10 cm / 20 cm bottom – perforated poly pots. The 8 weeks old Gmelina seedlings already<br />
sown in the departmental nursing were transplanted to the crude oil treated soils and the control soils; a<br />
seedling per poly pot. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD).<br />
There were therefore four treatments replicated four times. Each treatment comprised 8 poly pots. The<br />
poly pots were watered to field capacity using watering can immediately after transplanting and<br />
thereafter, every other day till the end <strong>of</strong> the trial following the method <strong>of</strong> Agbogidi and Ejemete<br />
(2005) and Agbogidi et al. (2006a) and Agbogidi et al.(2006b). The seedlings were allowed to<br />
establish in the departmental nursery beds. Growth variables were measured for three months starting<br />
from one month after transplanting (MAT). Parameters assessed were plant height, number <strong>of</strong> leaves,<br />
leaf area, collar growth and dry weight biomass. Plant height was determined with a meter rule at the<br />
distance from soil level to the top <strong>of</strong> the terminal bud, the number <strong>of</strong> leaves was determined by visual<br />
counting <strong>of</strong> the leaves, leaf area was determined by multiplying the length and breath measurements <strong>of</strong><br />
a leaf multiplied by the number <strong>of</strong> leaves in the plant and finally by a correction factor <strong>of</strong> 0.75<br />
following the procedure <strong>of</strong> Agbogidi and Ofuoku (2005). Girth growth at 3 cm above soil level was<br />
determined using veneer calipers. The dry weight biomass was determined after the seedlings were<br />
harvested at 3 MAT, sorted out into roots, stems and leaves and oven dried at 85ºC for 22 hours<br />
following the methods <strong>of</strong> Anon (1966) and Agbogidi et al. (2005b).<br />
Data collected were subjected to analysis <strong>of</strong> variance while the significant means were<br />
separated with the Duncan’s multiple range tests using SAS (1996).<br />
Results and Discussion<br />
Significant reductions (P = 0.05) in the Gmelina seedlings were observed in all the parameters assessed<br />
on monthly intervals with increasing oil level throughout the experimental period when compared with<br />
seedlings grown in the uncontaminated soils (Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). The performance <strong>of</strong> the seedlings<br />
in terms <strong>of</strong> height, number <strong>of</strong> leaves, leaf area, girth growth and dry biomass was poorer as the level <strong>of</strong><br />
oil contamination in soil increased. For example, growth stagnation and stunting were observed for<br />
seedlings subjected to soils that received 12% oil treatments while the seedlings in the control soil<br />
grew normally.