Physics for Geologists, Second edition

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Appendix Pronunciation I take the liberty of suggesting the pronunciation of a few words and names that sometimes give difficulty. In doing this, I am aware, as you must be aware, of the advice given by H. W. Fowler in his A Dictionary of modern English usage (Ox<strong>for</strong>d University Press, 1926): 'Pronounce as your neigh- bours do, not better'. And, on the pronunciation of French words; 'All that is necessary is a polite acknowledgement of indebtedness to the French lan- guage indicated by some approach in some part of the word to the <strong>for</strong>eign sound. . .'. In the SI units with prefixes, the emphasis is on the first syllable: nan'ometre (nann'ometer), mill'imetre, cent'imetre, and so also, logically, kil'ometre (kill'ometer), like kil'ogram. The tonne rhymes with con (perhaps not in North America!) to distinguish it from the non-SI unit of weight, the ton rhyming with bun. Of the French scientists, Bouguer is pronounced boo-gair with a hard g; Fermat, fair-ma; Fresnel, fray-nel; Poiseuille, pwa-seij (very roughly); Poisson, pwa-son rhyming with on, roughly. The Dutch scientist Huygens (sometimes spelled Huyghens) is pronounced high'gens, roughly, with a hard g. Answer to problem on buoyancy (p. 24) When you put the dinghy in the water, the water level in the lake rises. You get into the dinghy and the water level rises. It rises when you take the stone on board, and again when you take the wood on board. When you throw the stone overboard, the water level falls, but not by as much as it rose when the stone was put in the dinghy. In the dinghy, the stone displaces its weight of water: in the water, it sinks and displaces its volume of water. It displaces more water when it is in the dinghy than it does when it is thrown overboard. There is no change when you throw the wood overboard. The wood floats, so it displaces its weight of water in the pond as well as in the boat. Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapman
Appendix 139 What would happen if you first took a bucket of water from the lake, then put it in the dinghy, and then tipped the water into the lake? What happens to sea level when icebergs melt? Miscellaneous quantities Angstrom (Angstram) (A) Planck's constant (h) Gas constant (R) Speed of light in vacuum (co) Earth's equatorial radius (a) Earth's polar radius (6) Earth's mean radius (2a + b)/3 (RE) Earth's flattening f = (a - b)/a (f) Earth's mean mass density Earth's mass (ME) Earth's massIMoon's mass Sun's mass/Earth's mass Mean distance Earth to Moon Mean distance Earth to Sun Gravitational constant (G) Geocentric gravitational constant (GM) g at sea level in Latitude 45 " g at Equator g at Poles Period of Earth's rotation Magnetic permeability of vacuum (bo) Velocity of sound, air, 20 "C Velocity of sound, water, 20 "C Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapman
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Physics for Geologists Second editi
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Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapma
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... vlii Contents Polarization 47 L
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Figures Copyright 2002 by Richard E
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Tables Copyright 2002 by Richard E.
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xiv Preface waves diminishes with d
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xvi Preface provides. This book is
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xviii Acknowledgements to K. Whaler
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xx Symbols mass refractive index bu
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2 Basic concepts Table 1.1 Dimensio
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4 Basic concepts Table 1.2 Basic SI
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6 Basic concepts pascal (Pa) and si
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8 Basic concepts all the relevant d
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10 Basic concepts relating them by
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2 Force The dimensions of force are
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14 Force The ratio of the Moon's ac
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16 Force Figure 2.1 The sum of the
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18 Force When a motorcycle takes a
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20 Force Figure 2.3 Torque is the p
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22 Force How does momentum differ f
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24 Force the weights - that is, the
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26 Force Figure 2.6 Wall-sticking i
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3 Gravity Universal gravity When di
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30 Gravity are significant to geolo
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32 Gravity Figure 3.2 The tractive,
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34 Gravity Mean sea level It might
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36 Gravity The benefits of space fl
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38 Gravity Figure 3.6 Profile of th
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40 Gravity Figure 3.8 The siphon at
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4 Optics Light is an electromagneti
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44 Optics Figure 4.2 Refraction. (a
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46 Optics The coeficient of reflect
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48 Optics only the light oscillatin
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50 Optics called Iceland Spar. Two
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52 Optics Diffraction If you shine
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54 Optics Figure 4.7 Geometrical op
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56 Optics Figure 4.9 The mirrors in
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5 Atomic structure and age-dating P
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60 Atomic structure and age-dating
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66 Electromagnetic radiation radiat
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68 Electromagnetic radiation Source
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Heat and heat flow The noun heat ha
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72 Heat and heat flow Second Law: A
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8 Electricity and magnetism Electri
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Electricity and magnetism 77 Figure
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Electricity and magnetism 79 rivett
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Electricity and magnetism 8 1 defin
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Electricity and magnetism 83 is kno
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9 Stress and strain Pressure, p, is
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Page 113 and 114: Fracture Stress and strain 97 We fo
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Page 117 and 118: 10 Sea waves The nature of water wa
Page 119 and 120: Sea waves 103 Figure 10.1 Wave moti
Page 121 and 122: Sea waves 105 refraction by islands
Page 123 and 124: Acoustics: sound and other waves 10
Page 125 and 126: Acoustics: sound and other waves 10
Page 127 and 128: 12 Fluids and fluid flow Introducti
Page 129 and 130: Fluids and fluid flow 1 13 Figure 1
Page 131 and 132: Fluids and fluid flow 115 Figure 22
Page 133 and 134: Fluids and fluid flow 117 and the f
Page 135 and 136: water above a vertical thickness h
Page 137 and 138: Fluids and fluid flow 121 where V i
Page 139 and 140: Fluids and fluid flow 123 ardentes,
Page 141 and 142: Fluids and fluid flow 125 Figure 12
Page 143 and 144: - 14 $ 12 E 10 K .- 3 8 r cll + 6 0
Page 145 and 146: Fluids and fluid flow 129 the liqui
Page 147 and 148: Some dangers of mathematical statis
Page 153: Some dangers of mathematical statis
Page 157 and 158: Notes 141 and since x is very large
Page 159 and 160: References Allum, J. A. E. (1966) P
Page 161 and 162: References 145 -(1950) 'Mechanism o
Page 163: Further reading 147 Trigg, G. L. an
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