Physics for Geologists, Second edition

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Contents List of figures List of tables Preface Acknowledgements Symbols 1 Basic concepts Dimensions and units 1 Distinctions and definitions 6 Dimensional analysis 9 2 Force Kepler and Newton: the laws of motion 12 Statics and dynamics 15 Inertia, momentum, work and energy 19 Body and surface <strong>for</strong>ces 23 Time and <strong>for</strong>ce 27 Equilibrium and stability 27 3 Gravity Universal gravity 28 Fields 28 Tides 30 Mountains 33 Sea level and sea-surface topography 33 Miscellaneous gravity-driven geological processes 36 4 Optics Reflection and refraction 43 Interference 46 Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapman X xii . . . Xlll xvii xix
... vlii Contents Polarization 47 Luminescence: fluorescence and phosphorescence 51 Diffraction 52 Rainbows 53 Stereoscopy 55 5 Atomic structure and age-dating Particles 58 Atoms 59 Isotopes and age-dating 62 6 Electromagnetic radiation Cosmic radiation 66 Gamma rays 66 X-rays 66 Radar 69 7 Heat and heat flow Heat flow 72 8 Electricity and magnetism Electricity 75 Magnetism 78 Important electrical definitions 84 9 Stress and strain Elasticity and the elastic moduli 86 Friction 89 Sliding 92 Bending and folding 96 Fracture 97 Compaction, consolidation, lithification 98 10 Sea waves The nature of water waves 101 Tsunami, seismic sea waves or 'tidal waves' 105 11 Acoustics: sound and other waves Sound 106 Earthquakes 108 Seismic surveys 109 Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapman
Page 1 and 2: Physics for Geologists Second editi
Page 3: Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapma
Page 7 and 8: Figures Copyright 2002 by Richard E
Page 9 and 10: Tables Copyright 2002 by Richard E.
Page 11 and 12: xiv Preface waves diminishes with d
Page 13 and 14: xvi Preface provides. This book is
Page 15 and 16: xviii Acknowledgements to K. Whaler
Page 17 and 18: xx Symbols mass refractive index bu
Page 19 and 20: 2 Basic concepts Table 1.1 Dimensio
Page 21 and 22: 4 Basic concepts Table 1.2 Basic SI
Page 23 and 24: 6 Basic concepts pascal (Pa) and si
Page 25 and 26: 8 Basic concepts all the relevant d
Page 27 and 28: 10 Basic concepts relating them by
Page 29 and 30: 2 Force The dimensions of force are
Page 31 and 32: 14 Force The ratio of the Moon's ac
Page 33 and 34: 16 Force Figure 2.1 The sum of the
Page 35 and 36: 18 Force When a motorcycle takes a
Page 37 and 38: 20 Force Figure 2.3 Torque is the p
Page 39 and 40: 22 Force How does momentum differ f
Page 41 and 42: 24 Force the weights - that is, the
Page 43 and 44: 26 Force Figure 2.6 Wall-sticking i
Page 45 and 46: 3 Gravity Universal gravity When di
Page 47 and 48: 30 Gravity are significant to geolo
Page 49 and 50: 32 Gravity Figure 3.2 The tractive,
Page 51 and 52: 34 Gravity Mean sea level It might
Page 53 and 54: 36 Gravity The benefits of space fl
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38 Gravity Figure 3.6 Profile of th
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40 Gravity Figure 3.8 The siphon at
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4 Optics Light is an electromagneti
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44 Optics Figure 4.2 Refraction. (a
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46 Optics The coeficient of reflect
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48 Optics only the light oscillatin
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50 Optics called Iceland Spar. Two
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52 Optics Diffraction If you shine
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54 Optics Figure 4.7 Geometrical op
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56 Optics Figure 4.9 The mirrors in
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5 Atomic structure and age-dating P
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60 Atomic structure and age-dating
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66 Electromagnetic radiation radiat
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68 Electromagnetic radiation Source
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Heat and heat flow The noun heat ha
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72 Heat and heat flow Second Law: A
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8 Electricity and magnetism Electri
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Electricity and magnetism 77 Figure
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Electricity and magnetism 79 rivett
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Electricity and magnetism 8 1 defin
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Electricity and magnetism 83 is kno
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9 Stress and strain Pressure, p, is
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Stress and strain 87 than some natu
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These three elastic constants are r
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Stress and strain 91 Figure 9.1 New
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Stress and strain 93 Figure 9.2 Com
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Stress and strain 95 Figure 9.3 Ide
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Fracture Stress and strain 97 We fo
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Stress and strain 99 from which we
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10 Sea waves The nature of water wa
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Sea waves 103 Figure 10.1 Wave moti
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Sea waves 105 refraction by islands
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Acoustics: sound and other waves 10
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Acoustics: sound and other waves 10
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12 Fluids and fluid flow Introducti
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Fluids and fluid flow 1 13 Figure 1
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Fluids and fluid flow 115 Figure 22
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Fluids and fluid flow 117 and the f
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water above a vertical thickness h
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Fluids and fluid flow 121 where V i
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Fluids and fluid flow 123 ardentes,
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Fluids and fluid flow 125 Figure 12
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- 14 $ 12 E 10 K .- 3 8 r cll + 6 0
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Fluids and fluid flow 129 the liqui
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Some dangers of mathematical statis
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Appendix 139 What would happen if y
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Notes 141 and since x is very large
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References Allum, J. A. E. (1966) P
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References 145 -(1950) 'Mechanism o
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Further reading 147 Trigg, G. L. an
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Physics for Geologists, Second edition

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