Physics for Geologists, Second edition

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Further reading Bascom, W. (1980) Waves and beaches: the dynamics of the ocean surface, 2nd edn, New York: Anchor PressIDoubleday. Darcy, H. (1856) Les fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon, Paris: Victor Dalmont. The appendix that contains the results of the experiments has been reprinted in Hubbert (1969). Dugdale, D. S. (1984) 'Elasticity', in The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopzdia Britannica 6: 519-22. Elwyn, A. J. (1984) 'Neutron', in The New Encyclop~dia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopzdia Britannica 12: 1070-76. Goetz, P. W. and Sutton, M. (eds) (1984) Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopzdia Britannica. Graham, L. (1984) 'Heat', in The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica 18: 700-6. Holmes, A. (1965) Principles of physical geology, 2nd edn, London: Nelson. Hubbert, M. K. (1945) 'The strength of the Earth', American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 29: 1630-53. Reprinted in Hubbert (1972). - (1963) 'Are we retrogressing in science?', Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 74: 365-78. John, W. (1984) 'Wave motion', in The New Encyclopadia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopzdia Britannica 19: 665-73. Keenan, J. H., Hatsopoulos, G. N. and Gyftopoulos, E. P. (1984) 'Principles of Thermodynamics', in The New Encyclop~dia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica 18: 290-315. Lindsay, R. B. (1984) 'Sound', in The New Encyclop~dia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopzdia Britannica 15: 19-34. Phillips, M. (1984) 'Electromagnetic radiation', in The New Encyclopedia Britan- nica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopzdia Britannica 6: 645-65. Raitt, G. (1987) Heat and temperature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sorby, H. C. (1908) 'On the application of quantitative methods to the study of the structure and history of rocks', Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 64: 171-233. Stoner, J. 0. and Wilson, E. B. (1984) 'Spectroscopy, Principles of', in The New Encyclop~dia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica 17: 455-76. Tricker, R. A. R. (1984) 'Water waves', in The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclopzdia Britannica 19: 654-60. Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapman
Further reading 147 Trigg, G. L. and Goudsmit, S. A. (1984) 'Atomic structure', in The New Encyclop~dia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclop~dia Britannica 2: 330-43. Tuma, J. J. (1976) Handbook of physical calculations, New York: McGraw-Hill. Ziman, J. M. (1984) 'Electron', in The New Encyclop~dia Britannica, 15th edn, Chicago: Encyclop~dia Britannica 6: 665-72. The following references are to the papers where the misunderstanding of fluid flow began. The experiments were valid, but their interpretation certainly not. The 1934 paper is the main one, where their experiments were misinterpreted (mistaking manometer readings for pressure readings) and so ignoring the effect of gravity. Wyckoff, R. D., Botset, H. G. and Muskat, M. (1932) 'Flow of liquids through porous media under the action of gravity', Physics 3: 90-103. (If only they had stuck to gravity!) -- , , -and Reed, D. W. (1933) 'The measurement of porous media for homogeneous fluids', Review Scientific Instruments, new series, 4: 394405. -- 3 , -and - (1934) 'Measurement of permeability of porous media', Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 18(2): 161-90. These were followed by Muskat, M. (1937) Flow of homogeous fluids through porous media, New York: McGraw-Hill. Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapman
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Physics for Geologists Second editi
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Copyright 2002 by Richard E. Chapma
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... vlii Contents Polarization 47 L
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Figures Copyright 2002 by Richard E
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Tables Copyright 2002 by Richard E.
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xiv Preface waves diminishes with d
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xvi Preface provides. This book is
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xviii Acknowledgements to K. Whaler
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xx Symbols mass refractive index bu
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2 Basic concepts Table 1.1 Dimensio
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4 Basic concepts Table 1.2 Basic SI
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6 Basic concepts pascal (Pa) and si
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8 Basic concepts all the relevant d
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10 Basic concepts relating them by
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2 Force The dimensions of force are
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14 Force The ratio of the Moon's ac
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16 Force Figure 2.1 The sum of the
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18 Force When a motorcycle takes a
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20 Force Figure 2.3 Torque is the p
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22 Force How does momentum differ f
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24 Force the weights - that is, the
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26 Force Figure 2.6 Wall-sticking i
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3 Gravity Universal gravity When di
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30 Gravity are significant to geolo
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32 Gravity Figure 3.2 The tractive,
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34 Gravity Mean sea level It might
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36 Gravity The benefits of space fl
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38 Gravity Figure 3.6 Profile of th
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40 Gravity Figure 3.8 The siphon at
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4 Optics Light is an electromagneti
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44 Optics Figure 4.2 Refraction. (a
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46 Optics The coeficient of reflect
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48 Optics only the light oscillatin
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50 Optics called Iceland Spar. Two
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52 Optics Diffraction If you shine
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54 Optics Figure 4.7 Geometrical op
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56 Optics Figure 4.9 The mirrors in
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5 Atomic structure and age-dating P
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60 Atomic structure and age-dating
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66 Electromagnetic radiation radiat
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68 Electromagnetic radiation Source
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Heat and heat flow The noun heat ha
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72 Heat and heat flow Second Law: A
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8 Electricity and magnetism Electri
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Electricity and magnetism 77 Figure
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Electricity and magnetism 79 rivett
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Electricity and magnetism 8 1 defin
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Electricity and magnetism 83 is kno
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9 Stress and strain Pressure, p, is
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Stress and strain 87 than some natu
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These three elastic constants are r
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Stress and strain 91 Figure 9.1 New
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Stress and strain 93 Figure 9.2 Com
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Page 113 and 114: Fracture Stress and strain 97 We fo
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Page 117 and 118: 10 Sea waves The nature of water wa
Page 119 and 120: Sea waves 103 Figure 10.1 Wave moti
Page 121 and 122: Sea waves 105 refraction by islands
Page 123 and 124: Acoustics: sound and other waves 10
Page 125 and 126: Acoustics: sound and other waves 10
Page 127 and 128: 12 Fluids and fluid flow Introducti
Page 129 and 130: Fluids and fluid flow 1 13 Figure 1
Page 131 and 132: Fluids and fluid flow 115 Figure 22
Page 133 and 134: Fluids and fluid flow 117 and the f
Page 135 and 136: water above a vertical thickness h
Page 137 and 138: Fluids and fluid flow 121 where V i
Page 139 and 140: Fluids and fluid flow 123 ardentes,
Page 141 and 142: Fluids and fluid flow 125 Figure 12
Page 143 and 144: - 14 $ 12 E 10 K .- 3 8 r cll + 6 0
Page 145 and 146: Fluids and fluid flow 129 the liqui
Page 147 and 148: Some dangers of mathematical statis
Page 155 and 156: Appendix 139 What would happen if y
Page 157 and 158: Notes 141 and since x is very large
Page 159 and 160: References Allum, J. A. E. (1966) P
Page 161: References 145 -(1950) 'Mechanism o
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