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already seen, at the heart of any print-enabled application, you have to implement MPrintProcessOb-server's PrintBandL(). Programming printer support to this extent is not very difficult. However, if you do need to print from your application, then the requirements to write code that is independent of a particular UI increase hugely, to where it becomes a key consideration for many elements of the application. For example, an application toolbar can be highly device-dependent, as can the menu and the dialogs (though some size independence in the latter case would be useful). On the other hand, a text view intended for a word processor should be highly device-independent. The requirements for printing text efficiently and for fast interactive editing of potentially enormous documents, however, are substantially different. So the Symbian OS text view component contains much shared code, but also a lot of quite distinct code, for these two purposes. Less demanding applications will have a greater proportion of shared code. To take another example, without considering printing, a spreadsheet could be considered to be an abstract grid of cells, each containing text, numbers, or a formula. If you take that view, your drawing code can be pixel-oriented, and it won't be too difficult if you decide to support zooming. But this changes if people need to print the spreadsheet, including sensible page breaks and embedded charts. If you write a spreadsheet that supports all this, you need to design for printing from the beginning and to optimize your on-screen views as representations of the printed page. 15.2.4 Color The basic class for color is the TRgb: a red-green-blue color specification. A TRgb object is a 32-bit quantity, in which eight bits are each available for red (R), green (G), and blue (B). Eight bits are wasted. Note What? Wasted memory in such a fundamental class in Symbian OS? Actually, the waste is small. First, it's hard to process 24-bit quantities efficiently in any processor architecture. More importantly, TRgbs don't exist in large numbers – unlike, say, the pixels on a screen or bitmap. Bitmaps are stored using only the minimum necessary number of bits. Constants are defined for the set of 16 EGA colors (so named after the IBM PC's 'Enhanced Graphics Adapter', which supported them and also introduced them into character set attributes). Here are the definitions in gdi.h that also show how the R, G, and B values are combined in a TRgb: #define KRgbBlack TRgb(0x000000) #define KRgbDarkGray TRgb(0x555555) #define KRgbDarkRed TRgb(0x000080) #define KRgbDarkGreen TRgb(0x008000) #define KRgbDarkYellow TRgb(0x008080) #define KRgbDarkBlue TRgb(0x800000) #define KRgbDarkMagenta TRgb(0x800080) #define KRgbDarkCyan TRgb(0x808000) #define KRgbRed TRgb(0x0000ff) #define KRgbGreen TRgb(0x00ff00)
#define KRgbYellow TRgb(0x00ffff) #define KRgbBlue TRgb(0xff0000) #define KRgbMagenta TRgb(0xff00ff) #define KRgbCyan T Rgb(0xffff00) #define KRgbGray TRgb(0xaaaaaa) #define KRgbWhite TRgb(0xffffff) Note We use #define rather than (say) const TRgb KRgbWhite =TRgb(0xffffff) because GCC 2.7.2 didn't support build-time initialization of class constants. Plus initialization of any TRgb from one of these 'constants' is no more expensive than if 'proper' const TRgbs were used. Important All CGraphicsContextcolor specifications for pens and brushes use TRgbvalues. The graphics device then converts these into device- dependent color values internally. With measurements and fonts, you have to convert to device-dependent units (pixels and CFonts) before calling CGraphicsContext functions. The same approach could have been taken with colors but it wasn't, because the meaning of a color is less devicedependent than the size of a pixel or the bitmap for a font. Concrete color values such as KRgbBlack are useful in many situations. There are also some logical color values, defined in TLogicalColor that refer to colors used in the UI scheme, such as the colors used in menus, menu highlights, toolbar buttons, or window shadows. The choice of which physical colors these logical values correspond to belongs to the device OEM. The mapping is stored in a CColorList object. The color list � supports logical-to-RGB color mappings loaded from resource files or specified programmatically; � supports independent sections for the system and applications: a section is identified by a UID and a logical color by an enumerated constant; � supports mappings for both four-gray and 256-color schemes: the 256-color scheme will be used and will look good, if the screen mode supports 16 or more colors. Otherwise, the four-gray scheme will be used. An application can get the color list through CEikonEnv::Color List(). A key thing you have to know about a device is how many colors it supports. Actually, the number of supported colors depends not only on the device, but also on the current display mode of the device. Most devices have a preferred display mode, and some support multiple display modes: you can check the display modes supported by a window server screen device and set your window to use a required display mode, if it's supported. Some display modes consume more power than others, so the window server will change the display mode in use, to the one with the minimum power requirement for any visible window. You can create bitmaps with any display mode. When you blit them onto another bitmap, or display them in a particular mode, the bitmap data is contracted or expanded as necessary, to match the display mode of the target bitmap. The display modes supported by Symbian OS are defined in the TDisplayMode enumeration in gdi.h. They are Mode Bits Type Comment
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Table of Contents Symbian OS C++ fo
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Reprinted August 2003 All Rights Re
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� consultants, trainers, and auth
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Symbian OS C++ for Mobile Phones fo
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When you're ready to use the Symbia
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improvement. She has a reputation f
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John works in the partner projects
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If you've never seen Symbian OS bef
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within a particular application. In
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There are a number of other ways in
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programs - namely, to handle and re
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There is no need to trap the call t
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abld build winscw udeb The winscw p
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If you're curious, you might want t
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If your connectivity software does
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Chapter 2: System Structure Overvie
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Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Symbian OS OE
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Note Actually, for performance reas
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To be executed, an executable has t
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The kernel itself has two major com
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ROM handling is easy. The ROM consi
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You can control the stack size in a
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industry standard, slightly smaller
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A server also uses its own active o
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In order to minimize any difficulty
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� The top-level project name in t
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Title DLL Source Group Headers Desc
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Chapter 3: C++ and Object Orientati
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The fundamental rule is, use names
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Category Examples Description Const
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3.2.6 Summary Naming conventions ar
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Convenience functions are trivial w
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� When declaring a virtual functi
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used in preference to old style C c
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Java uses interfaces too: in Java,
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� Whether these are private or pu
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If the cardinality is not 1-to-1, t
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Figure 4.1 At the bottom is the GDI
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In addition to the four C++ classes
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In addition, as indicated by the SO
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Figure 4.3 SDK and then browse to t
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eturn KErrNone; } Important You mus
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private: // from CEikDocument CEikA
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ConstructL() performs second-phase
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hellogui's application view is a co
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The other things we haven't seen in
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form described above advertises the
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} RESOURCE TBUF r_hellogui_text_hel
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CQikAppUi::HandleWsEventL(const TWs
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4.9 Terminating the Application By
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debug stepping, variable watching,
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5.1 Strings and Memory To understan
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� HBufC* is a pointer to a heap-b
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strlen() doesn't include the traili
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The Des() function returns a TPtr c
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TBuf helloWorld(_L("hello")); greet
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TDes& parameters. Symbian OS itself
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5.4 More Text APIs Symbian OS uses
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encodings of Unicode that use seque
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Chapter 6: Error Handling and Clean
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Even user input errors can be handl
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Note It also demonstrates that the
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eak; So, the New 1 menu item alloca
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this line yourself, and then rerun
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case EMagicCmdNew2: delete iObject2
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If the new(ELeave) fails, then iObj
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If you're writing a function, and t
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} You can invoke these functions fr
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Any one of the calls to UseL() may
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case EMagicCmdUse4: { CY* y = new(E
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� Functions that can leave must o
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CZ::NewL() was actually coded waste
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TAny*. The cleanup code will deallo
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successfully). This means you have
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User::Leave(KErrNone). This appears
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systems outside my control, and res
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Chapter 7: Resource Files Overview
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Data Type Description BUF A Unicode
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} MENU_ITEM { command = EExampleCmd
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A single resource file supports 409
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Filename Description EeikCmdExit, a
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RESOURCE MENU_PANE r_hellogui_hello
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0E [uncompressed data run length] 0
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Chapter 8: Basic APIs Overview We'v
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IMPORT_C void Write(TInt aPos, cons
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_LIT8(KTxt2," world"); buf->InsertL
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Dynamic buffers are also used to st
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Class name Description [*] CArrayFi
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In v7.0, the structure of ROM image
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} In a function such as FormatList(
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library. The next few pages should
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Using this technique, your program
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� The original program consisted
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pointer, and no method of directly
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Figure 9.1 It's a pretty Spartan di
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Note 9.2.3 The Controller As descri
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TInt iLength; // Length - determine
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void SetHit(TInt aX, TInt aY); // H
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The functions to do this are Functi
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User::After(1) is guaranteed to wai
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{ public: // Construct/destruct/set
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This begins by creating a new windo
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); aRect.iTl.iX+iBorderSize+i*iTile
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else gc.SetPenColor(KRgbYellow); gc
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control framework needs to know whe
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the board. It then uses these coord
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Calculate board size in twips, and
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iRightBorder.Move(offset); iBoardRe
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private: // Construct/restore void
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ViewCmdHitFleet() shows how the con
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There are no surprises in the comma
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}; MENU_ITEM {command=EEikCmdZoomIn
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The framework handles creating a fi
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void TShip::ExternalizeL(RWriteStre
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void CGameAppUi::HandleCommandL(TIn
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the target view. Because such messa
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TInt iCursorX; TInt iCursorY; TUid
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display area) and to handle a parti
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Create and load a bitmap iHideBitma
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This version formats the message ID
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Chapter 10: Dialogs and Concrete Co
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Figure 10.2 I got this by typing Ct
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Finally, note that buttons can't be
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for 'control'. I'll always use 'con
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CEikDialog* dialog = new(ELeave) CE
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Simply put, the dialog has a title,
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OK is handled by OkToExitL(). In fa
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Any of the checks or file operation
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}; id = EGameControlIdProtocol; con
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Listen"; } type = EEikCtChoiceList;
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TUid protocol = TUid::Uid(choicelis
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10.3.2 Adding Buttons If you want t
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Function Description virtual void S
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� specify initialization data for
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CEikBorderedControl CEikBorderedCon
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� eikon.rh and Qikon.rh contain t
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Class Header ID CEikGlobalTextEdito
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UIs provide many other standard dia
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Figure 11.1 As it happens, this scr
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gc.DrawText(*iHelloWorld, rect, bas
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The two points that define Trect ca
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The clipping region defines the reg
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virtual void DrawBitmap(const TRect
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Figure 11.5 From the diagram: � T
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In theory, then, you don't need to
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So far, we have suggested that you
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DrawBorders(); DrawTiles(); } but t
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It turns out that working out exact
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Now it's time to be precise about h
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Figure 11.10 It has a single window
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{ public: . . . static CExampleHell
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case 2: return EAmountOfControls; }
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finished. When the BeginRedraw()fun
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Default settings are assured here:
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First and foremost, a control is a
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class CCoeControl : public CBase {
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You can set a control's position an
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IMPORT_C virtual void Draw(const TR
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� If you select OK on a dialog -
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In this chapter, I've concentrated
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TKeyResponse COppFleetView::OfferKe
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TEventCode is the type of window se
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notification, and changing the curs
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From the preceding discussion, it s
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� if the Set interval button is s
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� The general-purpose control des
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private: ... MCoeControlObserver* i
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Special-purpose events should be ha
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Figure 12.4 Key events are offered
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A control should change its appeara
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12.4.3 Grabbing the Pointer-down Co
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ProcessPointerEventL() implements t
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In the last chapter, we concentrate
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making them lighter or darker. For
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Chapter 13: Files, Streams, and Sto
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Note Strictly, documents are not th
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Figure 13.2 The file server provide
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� changing directory and file att
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important in Symbian OS, so it's pr
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Figure 13.5: � Write file allows
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TryChangeFocusToL(EExampleControlId
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file.Close(); // Finished with user
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Update view iAppView->DrawNow(); }
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} // Finish CleanupStack::PopAndDes
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external stream and de-serialize wh
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RwriteStream Functions RReadStream
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You'll remember that I used this, w
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Technique Application descriptor wh
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Let's consider the file format of t
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� create, write, and close the ap
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Figure 13.10 The main document is a
Page 383 and 384: through the DBMS. For more on using
Page 385 and 386: Figure 13.13 There is a small class
Page 387 and 388: � Where an application's .ini fil
Page 389 and 390: The first step of the process is to
Page 391 and 392: END SOURCE 1 icon2mask.bmp SOURCE c
Page 393 and 394: id=EHelloGuiCmd0; flags=EEikToolBar
Page 395 and 396: Figure 14.4 abld build winscw udeb
Page 397 and 398: For the purpose of this book, we'll
Page 399 and 400: #include RESOURCE AIF_DATA { capti
Page 401 and 402: 1 file(s) copied. When this has fin
Page 403 and 404: The way the Certificate Generator w
Page 405 and 406: The body of this file should be obv
Page 407 and 408: Don't expect the installed applicat
Page 409 and 410: � Every application should fill t
Page 411 and 412: � Use bold style for active text
Page 413 and 414: Overview This chapter discusses wri
Page 415 and 416: Class Description CExampleApplicati
Page 417 and 418: Class Description Figure 15.3 conta
Page 419 and 420: aDeviceRect.Center().iY - boxInPixe
Page 421 and 422: } fontSpec)); The key function here
Page 423 and 424: The second case will cause problems
Page 425 and 426: I'm careful to draw every pixel: I
Page 427 and 428: SetZoomOutL() works the other way r
Page 429 and 430: ealistic print code would take acco
Page 431 and 432: Figure 15.7 The base class for bitm
Page 433: lit them efficiently from a shared
Page 437 and 438: world colors mapped down onto black
Page 439 and 440: Figure 15.8 The GUI used in the Psi
Page 441 and 442: In terms of applications, the appli
Page 443 and 444: Overview So far in this book, we've
Page 445 and 446: Figure 16.2 The starting point for
Page 447 and 448: if (iController->Engine().IsMyTurn(
Page 449 and 450: device, I will have to publish thes
Page 451 and 452: � If your request didn't get thro
Page 453 and 454: Communications is full of this kind
Page 455 and 456: The game will connect and you can s
Page 457 and 458: Figure 16.9 The controller contains
Page 459 and 460: iEngine->iOppFleet.SetShipType(aX,
Page 461 and 462: if(!iController->IsMyTurn()) iEikon
Page 463 and 464: Of course, the opponent's response
Page 465 and 466: wrong with it. And it may not alway
Page 467 and 468: fleet.SetHit(x,y); // update view i
Page 469 and 470: With this scheme, each chat message
Page 471 and 472: For a minimum level of skill, the c
Page 473 and 474: CONE maintains an outstanding reque
Page 475 and 476: Figure 17.2 It is also worth mentio
Page 477 and 478: some function that will later gener
Page 479 and 480: So the scheduler handles precisely
Page 481 and 482: CActive implements the Cancel() fun
Page 483 and 484: A RunL() function can stop the acti
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}; Figure 17.9 Member functions her
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Function Description Stop() Decreas
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17.3.1 Maintaining an Outstanding R
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Change visibility of app view text
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static CMultiPartHello* NewL(CActiv
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iTimer.After(iStatus, iDelay); SetA
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I prefer to hide active objects fro
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In active objects, higher priority
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Figure 18.1 Some simple server tran
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A new session has a handle that is
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Figure 18.4 Before any subsessions
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Figure 18.5 When the buffer is full
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Related servers can be run in the s
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� Request the window server to dr
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This is because, when a client thre
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Figure 18.8 18.4.1 Thread Basics Th
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GetDesLength() return this as their
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class RSessionBase : public RHandle
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RSubSessionBase - client-side sub-s
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Bootstrap code for a server should
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The CSharableSession class provides
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RMessage is not intended for deriva
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The GSDP server presented here has
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IMPORT_C TInt GetGdpProtocolInfo(TI
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with all four slots, even if you do
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}; RGsdpSession::Listen() calls CGs
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inline RGsdpSession() : iHandler(0)
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If, in the first step above, the ke
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The GSDP client API implements a sy
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� Function() gives me the request
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Basically, the setter stores its ar
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As we saw in Chapter 17, any API pr
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Many Symbian OS servers use polymor
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construct shutdown timer iShutdown=
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void CGsdpProtocolUpdater::RunL() {
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GSDP clients can select the protoco
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} }; } }; } version_no = 1; display
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} aFromPort, aData); If iLastError
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� The datagram arrives via a GDP
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AddPacket() is a method provided by
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iReceiveMessage.Complete(KErrNone);
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� The client program launches a n
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server.Close(); return died.Int();
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CGsdpScheduler::TServerStart start;
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aStart.SignalL(); CActiveScheduler:
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19.4 Summary In this chapter, we've
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Figure 20.1 Typically, a communicat
Page 579 and 580:
This encapsulation is important, as
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else // Everything was OK, leave th
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suite of protocols: UDP, TCP, ICMP
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member of the GDP-SMS session objec
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This puts it into an initial state,
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void CGdpSmsSender::TSendMsgState::
Page 591 and 592:
If, for some reason, the operation
Page 593 and 594:
RSmsSocketReadStream readstream(iRe
Page 595 and 596:
Bluetooth is composed of a hierarch
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Figure 20.10 shows two sequential o
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As with GDP-SMS, the SendL() functi
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Once connected, the sockets interfa
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err = iListenSocket.Listen(4); User
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iReceiver.iReadSocket.Read(iReceive
Page 607 and 608:
Appendix 1: Example Projects Overvi
Page 609 and 610:
AppForge development software integ
Page 611 and 612:
Psion has a long history of using S
Page 613 and 614:
Appendix 3: TOGS Guide and Referenc
Page 615 and 616:
protected: TUid iDtor_ID_Key; }; CG
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eturn KErrNone; } TInt CGdpLoopback
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packet to the initiating partner: t
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inline RGsdpSession() : iHandler(0)
Page 623 and 624:
Function Description MGsdpPacketHan
Page 625 and 626:
RGCP TOGS is designed to support tu
Page 627 and 628:
Packet structure RGCP uses GSDP as
Page 629 and 630:
State Meaning responses are handled
Page 631 and 632:
Figure A3.10 Here's CRgcpSession's
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void GsdpHandleL(const TDesC8& aDat
Page 635 and 636:
virtual void RgcpHandleBound() = 0;
Page 637 and 638:
State Meaning Listening You have ch
Page 639 and 640:
From To Occurs When other player, t
Page 641 and 642:
Opcode Name Details want-second.Res
Page 643 and 644:
Appendix 4: Emulator Reference Over
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Figure A4.2 This source compatibili
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Figure A4.5 An emulator configurati
Page 649 and 650:
Each Symbian OS .exe built for the
Page 651 and 652:
In different UIs, there can be addi
Page 653 and 654:
ARM data alignment rules are strict
Page 655 and 656:
Key Description W Dump full window
Page 657 and 658:
event handling threads 569 events,
Page 659 and 660:
Application Programming Interfaces
Page 661 and 662:
Boolean data type 55 Boss Puzzle di
Page 663 and 664:
CGsdpSession 650 CanReceivePacket()
Page 665 and 666:
certificate file 472 Certificate Ge
Page 667 and 668:
ServiceL error handling 646 CGsdpSe
Page 669 and 670:
CObjectIx class 614 CodeWarrior deb
Page 671 and 672:
context switching 27 performance is
Page 673 and 674:
CSession class 598, 614, 624 CShara
Page 675 and 676:
text 501 fonts 495 GDI 507 line dra
Page 677 and 678:
const rule, breaking 334 descriptio
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DrawVerticalBorder() function 238 D
Page 681 and 682:
ExternalizeL() function 261 testing
Page 683 and 684:
files 416 copying to emulator 773 s
Page 685 and 686:
G game datagram protocol see GDP pr
Page 687 and 688:
drawing 237 zooming 245 GetZoom() f
Page 689 and 690:
graphics interaction 370 pick corre
Page 691 and 692:
Install() function CActiveScheduler
Page 693 and 694:
graphics interaction handling 370 O
Page 695 and 696:
summary 485 MakeVisible() function
Page 697 and 698:
multithreading 43 MVC 287 controlle
Page 699 and 700:
packets see datagrams palettes 516
Page 701 and 702:
private key 472 privilege boundarie
Page 703 and 704:
ReceiveAllL() 697 ReceivePacket() f
Page 705 and 706:
Revo 23 RFCOMM 701 RFile class 46 v
Page 707 and 708:
RWriteStream 425 streams 430 vs. RF
Page 709 and 710:
CGraphicsContext class 324 SetBrush
Page 711 and 712:
simple getter functions 60 single-p
Page 713 and 714:
Static() function CCoeEnv class 357
Page 715 and 716:
ESOCK sockets server 526 ETEL telep
Page 717 and 718:
TDisplayMode 516 Telephony server 6
Page 719 and 720:
TParsePtr 418 TParsePtrC 418 TPckg
Page 721 and 722:
derivation relationships 75 Unicode
Page 723:
flicker-free redraw 354 invalid reg
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