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Limitation of knowledge in The standard deviation is epidemiology = 2 n N + p D N d N d If the excess cancers are to be detected with a statistical 26 July, 2012 confidence of 95% 262 E – C > 2 WNU-Summer Institute 262
Epidemiological limit Operating algebraically and as n >> p d D, N > constant / D2 N > constant / D2 which is the equation giving the number of people, N, needed for detecting excess cancers at dose D. 26 July, 2012 (Constant = 8 n / p d 2 ) 263 WNU-Summer Institute 263
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WNU-Summer Institute 2012 Christ Ch
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FIRST PART Epistemology: Radiation
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Radioactive substance (radioactivit
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Absorbed dose, D (gray or rad) Radi
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Activity (Bq) Fluence (cm-2 Fluence
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Natural Cosmic Cosmic rays Terrestr
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OSU, Stillwater, OK, USA, February
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Medical sources
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Annual average per-caput dose (in m
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Military activities 20
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Annual effective dose (mSv) Doses d
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Global average levels Natural sourc
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Annual effective dose (mSv) 6 5 4 3
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Annual per caput dose (mSv) for USA
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(3) Recent Developments on the epis
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26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer Institute
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26 July, 2012 34
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26 July, 2012 Radiation harm to DNA
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Many other mutations occur due to D
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26 July, 2012 0.5 Mev WNU-Summer I
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26 July, 2012 Chromosomes deletions
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26 July, 2012 Chromosomal aberratio
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26 July, 2012 Probability of mutati
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26 July, 2012 First possible outcom
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26 July, 2012 Cell killingat around
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26 July, 2012 Third possible outcom
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26 July, 2012 Altered process WNU-S
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26 July, 2012 Stochastic effects Ca
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Radiation mutates DNA 26 July, 2012
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26 July, 2012 Radioepidemiology (Ep
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26 July, 2012 Difficult to assess!
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26 July, 2012 The radium dial paint
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26 July, 2012 ..the Mayak cohort of
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…all these victims of radiation e
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Solid Cancer Mortality 47 years of
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26 July, 2012 Hereditable Effects W
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The risk is so low that the estimat
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26 July, 2012 Antenatal Effects WNU
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26 July, 2012 1000mSv = IQ WNU-Summ
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Latest news 89
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Likelihood of health effects 100% (
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Likelihood of health effects 100% (
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26 July, 2012 Take away points WNU-
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Dose Very low dose: about 10 mSv or
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Remember! 1. Radiation exposure at
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Additional information to the FIRST
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Physics and chemistry Biology 10 -1
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New UNSCEAR’s assessments Epidem
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26 July, 2012 Chernobyl workers,
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26 July, 2012 Adaptive Response + M
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The role of apoptosis (cell killing
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26 July, 2012 Genomic instability
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Challenge to the paradigm Mutation
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Bystander effects The so-called “
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26 July, 2012 Signals via intercell
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26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer Institute
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26 July, 2012 Effects in another or
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Does radiation exposure affect the
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(1) The International Organizations
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UNSCEAR 26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer In
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Member States on UNSCEAR Argentina
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ICRP 26 July, 2012 WNU-Summer Insti
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First ICRP meeting 1928 139
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141
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26 July, 2012 The International Ato
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to establish standards IAEA statuto
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International Labour Organisation 1
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(2) The International Radiation Pro
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Total background incidence of effec
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Detriment-adjusted Nominal Risk Coe
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Time Protection basic dogma Shiel
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The principles of radiological prot
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The Principle of Justification •
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adioactive discharges (bad) Is the
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Justification!
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Detriment Detriment +Social cost Op
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Restrictions: Restrictions: dose li
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Source constraint 26 July, 2012 171
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The principle of protection of futu
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D Doses after 1 year of operation 1
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Doses after 3 years of operation D
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Types of exposure situations
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Planned exposure situations, are si
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Emergency exposure situations, •
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Emergency exposure situations Extan
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Doses to be constrained are those c
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Guidance for the protection of pati
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Workers (voluntary and individually
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The female worker: protecting the u
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Members of the Public (involuntary
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Natural background radiation (plann
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Doses to be constrained are those c
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‘Interventions’ (in existing an
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CRITERIA FOR INTERVENING (Extant An
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The use of a reference level in an
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(4) The International Regime 26 Jul
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Page 213 and 214: Legally Binding Conventions 213
Page 215 and 216: Convention on Assistance in the Cas
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Page 219 and 220: International Radiation Safety Stan
Page 221 and 222: Long experience 1962: first interna
Page 223 and 224: Safety Standards Hierarchy Safety F
Page 225: Safety Principles 1: Responsibilit
Page 228 and 229: Provisions for the application of t
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Page 238 and 239: Take away points 1. Additional dose
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Page 242 and 243: Additional information to the SECON
Page 244 and 245: Policy Implications on effects at l
Page 246 and 247: Certainty (100%) 26 July, 2012 Like
Page 248 and 249: Dealing with uncertainties Is it pl
Page 250 and 251: Nominal statistical uncertainty dis
Page 252 and 253: 26 July, 2012 Cumulative probabilit
Page 254 and 255: 26 July, 2012 Cumulative probabilit
Page 256 and 257: Policy Implications: plausibility o
Page 258 and 259: Attributability Attribute: regard s
Page 260 and 261: Control group “N” people “C
Page 264 and 265: Dose (mSv ( mSv) 10 2 10 1 10 -0 10
Page 266 and 267: C H E R N O B Y L
Page 268 and 269: Radiation Doses Average over 10 yea
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Page 275: The ‘liquidators’ “ЛIКВIД
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agonzale@arn.gob.ar 26 July, 2012 T
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