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Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt) Northern emerald Description S. arctica is a dark medium-size dragonfly with a metallic sheen to its body, and a blacker appearance than both S. mnetallica and Cordulia aenea which it resembles. The thorax is dark metallic green with bronze reflections and has a covering of fine hairs, though these are not as dense as in C. aenea. The abdomen, pinched at the waist, is black with a bronze sheen. The eyes are green. There are yellowish markings laterally and ventrally on abdominal segments 2 and 3, and two large spots, especially pronounced in the female, on segment 3 dorsally, much larger than those on female S. metallica, and also a smaller pair of dots dorsally on segment 2. S. arctica can be most readily distinguished from S. metallica and C. aenea by the pattern of yellow facial markings and the shape of the anal appendages. The vulvar scale of females is much shorter and blunter than that of S. metallica. Habitat S. arctica breeds in small shallow bog pools in moorland areas at altitudes ranging from near sea level to 400 m, and often in close proximity to trees, although not always so. The pools which S. arctica favours usually have a water depth of less than 7 cm over deep peat-detritus substrate, and contain much Sphagnum moss, sundews, and emergent plants such as white beak-sedge, common cottongrass and bog-myrtle. Breeding requirements are discussed by Butler (1983) and, in Switzerland, by Wildermuth (1986). Breeding biology Males patrol areas of peat bog with a characteristic rapid flight, usually 1-3 m high, interspersed with periods of hovering. Copulation takes place in scrub or amongst heather. The female oviposits by dipping the tip of her abdomen into shallow water or exposed wet peat whilst in flight. The larvae live in the peaty detritus soup, and probably take two or more years to develop. Emergence occurs on low vegetation, usually 10-15 cm above the water surface. Flight periods S. arctica is on the wing from early June to early August. In Scotland, it may be Status and distribution European and world distribution found with Leucorrhinia dubia, Aeshna caerulea, A. juncea, and other moorland dragonflies and damselflies. In Ireland, the known breeding area is in close proximity to that of C. aenea, and the two species may be seen hawking together or sheltering in heather, away from water. In Britain, S. arctica is confined to the western and central Highlands of Scotland, where it was first recorded in July 1844 at the Black Forest of Rannoch, Perthshire, by a Mr Weaver (Sélys-Longchamps 1846). It appears to have declined in some areas, possibly as a result of afforestation and the drainage which that entails. In Ireland, it has so far only been recorded near Killarney, Co Kerry, where it was first discovered in 1862, a specimen being given by a Mr Birchall to R McLachlan, and where it still breeds at a few sites today These are situated within the Killarney National Park, and so receive some protection. On the continent, S. arctica is found from the Ardennes in Belgium to Scandinavia and east to Siberia and Japan. In the south of its European range, it is restricted to mountain areas such as the Pyrenees, Massif Central, and the Alps. 88
Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt) Northern emerald 1975-90 o 1950-74 O Pre-1950 6 , I -%. - , o 0 o 1;9 0 000 CP' 0 o o : , 3 00 0 89 O 0 0
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Cover photograph: Aeshna juncea Ins
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@ NERC Copyright 1996 ISBN 0 11 701
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FOREWORD Having been on the fringe
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following list
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Howard, G.; Howard, LW; Howe, M.; H
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Walker, D.S.; Walker, FA; WaLker, I
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CHECKLIST The following checklist i
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Aeshna mixta Latreille 1805 Aeschna
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THE BRITISH AND IRISH ODONATA IN A
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of distributions of dragonflies usi
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I 00 o o Figure 3. Map of coverage
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,o " Figure 5. Map of coverage at t
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FIELDWORK AND DATA MANAGEMENT METHO
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areas, and encouraged in this by bo
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Table 3. Distribution of each speci
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Table 4 (con°. Vice-county distrib
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Table 4 (cont). Vice-county distrib
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Computerisation and validation Havi
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dominance of one individual over an
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RESIDENT SPECIES Description Habita
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Calopteryx splendens (Harris) Bande
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Description Flight periods Status a
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Description Lestes dryas Kirby Scar
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Platycnemis pennipes (Pallas) White
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Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer) 1975-9
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Erythromma najas (Hansemann) 1975-9
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Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier)
Page 59 and 60: Coenagrion scituluni (Rambur) Daint
Page 61 and 62: Coenagrion hastulatuni (Charpentier
Page 63 and 64: Coenagrion lunulatum (Charpentier)
Page 65 and 66: Coenagrion armatum (Charpentier) No
Page 67 and 68: Coenagrion puella (Linnaeus) Azuxe
Page 69 and 70: Coenagrion pulchellum (Vander Linde
Page 71 and 72: Enallagma cyathigerurn (Charpentier
Page 73 and 74: Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier) Scar
Page 75 and 76: Ischnura elegans (Vander Linden) 19
Page 77 and 78: Ceriagrion tenellurn (Villers) 1975
Page 79 and 80: Aeshna caerulea (Strom) Azure hawke
Page 81 and 82: Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus) Common haw
Page 83 and 84: Montiaghs Moss, near Aghalee, Co An
Page 85 and 86: Sundon Springs chalk quarry, near L
Page 87 and 88: PLATE 1 Calopteryxvirgo adult PLATE
Page 89 and 90: PLATE 13 Libellula fulva adult PLAT
Page 91 and 92: Aeshna mixta Latreile Migrant hawke
Page 93 and 94: Aeshna cyanea (Muller) Southern haw
Page 95 and 96: Aeshna grandis (Linnaeus) Brown haw
Page 97 and 98: Aeshna isosceles (Muller) Norfolk h
Page 99 and 100: Anax imperator Leach Emperor dragon
Page 101 and 102: Brachytron pratense (Muller) Hairy
Page 103 and 104: Gomphus vulgatissimus (Linnaeus) 19
Page 105 and 106: Cordulegaster boltonii (Donovan) Go
Page 107 and 108: Cordulia aenea (Lin.naens) Downy em
Page 109: Somatochlora metallica (Vander Lind
Page 113 and 114: Oxygastra curtisii (Dale) Orange-sp
Page 115 and 116: Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus 1
Page 117 and 118: Libellula fulva Mailer Scarce chase
Page 119 and 120: Libellula depressa Linnaeus 1975-90
Page 121 and 122: Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus) 19
Page 123 and 124: Orthetrum coerulescens (Fabricius)
Page 125 and 126: Sympetrum striolaturn (Charpentier)
Page 127 and 128: Sympetrum sanguineum (Muller) Ruddy
Page 129 and 130: Sympetruni danae (Sulzer) 1975-90 o
Page 131 and 132: Leuconhinia dubia (Vander Linden) W
Page 133 and 134: IMIVLIGRANTS AND ACCIDENTAL SPECIES
Page 135 and 136: POSSIBLE ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH A
Page 137 and 138: SEASONAL OCCURRENCE PREVIOUS REPRES
Page 139 and 140: 700 600 500 400 300. 200 100 0 90 8
Page 141 and 142: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 90 80 70 60 50
Page 143 and 144: Finally, differences in recorder be
Page 145 and 146: ODONATA LOCALITY 6411 V10E-COUNTY N
Page 147 and 148: Particularly in the case of residen
Page 149 and 150: conditions and which may be of grea
Page 151 and 152: 1960s from its single locality alon
Page 153 and 154: pond. One of the authors did this o
Page 155 and 156: REFERENCES Aguilar, J. d', Dommange
Page 157 and 158: Gabb, R. & Kitching, D. 1992. The d
Page 159 and 160: Coenagrion rnercuriale (Charpentier
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Dee'. Transactions of the Natural H
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Circumboreal Occurring in a band en
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Marl A whitish clay soil with a hig
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Vulvar scale WATCH Weald Wheel posi
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Appendix 2. LIST OF PLANT NAMES Pla
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Libefiula depressa 5,6,14,17,18,19,
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