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cr) 20 15 10 5 0 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 90 80 70 (.) 60 4E, 50 m'a5 40 z 25 30 20 10 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 ca a. Latitude band 08-39 b. Latitude band 16-37 c. Latitude band 24-45 d. Latitude band 12-63 e. Latitude band 00-61 u_ ca 2 —3 Figure 11. Latitudinal variation in flight period of 1schnura elegans. Britain has been divided into five bands, each 200 lan wide. The naming refers to the Ordnance Survey 100 km square numbers. Band a is the northern part of Scotland. Band e covers southern England and south Wales 120 cr) a) z 0 0
Finally, differences in recorder behaviour may confound a detailed analysis of flight period data, nationally or regionally. One cannot be completely certain that recorders start searching for adult Odonata at the absolute beginning of the season, particularly in northern and western areas where the early-season weather tends not to be conducive to recording adult Odonata. The simplest way to evaluate the effects of biases in the timing of recorder activity would be to establish the flight periods of species at a series of individual sites through regular monitoring. If a recorder is able to visit a transect at the same site each week, at about mid-day and in suitable weather, and logs the number of adult males of each species present (transects are described in the section on Methods of recording), the resulting pattern of flight periods is immune to most of the distortions caused by recorder bias. REGIONAL VARIATION IN FLIGHT PERIODS Another difficulty in interpreting flight period data is that a species may behave differently in different parts of Britain and Ireland. A tendency for species to fly later in the north than the south has often been remarked upon, but with few data to support it. Figures 10 and 11 show the latitudinal pattern of flight period for Pyrrhosoma nymphula and I. elegans. Whereas P. nymphula shows a clear trend to fly later in the north, and there appears to be a lag of as much as five weeks between south-west England and northern Scotland, 1. elegans flies at almost exactly the same time throughout Britain. The causes of this surprising difference are still unknown: it could perhaps be due to life history differences between the species (in particular, the thermal cues which trigger emergence), or be related to habitat or microsite use and larval behaviour. 121
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Cover photograph: Aeshna juncea Ins
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@ NERC Copyright 1996 ISBN 0 11 701
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FOREWORD Having been on the fringe
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following list
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Howard, G.; Howard, LW; Howe, M.; H
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Walker, D.S.; Walker, FA; WaLker, I
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CHECKLIST The following checklist i
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Aeshna mixta Latreille 1805 Aeschna
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THE BRITISH AND IRISH ODONATA IN A
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of distributions of dragonflies usi
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I 00 o o Figure 3. Map of coverage
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,o " Figure 5. Map of coverage at t
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FIELDWORK AND DATA MANAGEMENT METHO
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areas, and encouraged in this by bo
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Table 3. Distribution of each speci
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Table 4 (con°. Vice-county distrib
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Table 4 (cont). Vice-county distrib
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Computerisation and validation Havi
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dominance of one individual over an
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RESIDENT SPECIES Description Habita
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Calopteryx splendens (Harris) Bande
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Description Flight periods Status a
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Description Lestes dryas Kirby Scar
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Platycnemis pennipes (Pallas) White
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Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer) 1975-9
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Erythromma najas (Hansemann) 1975-9
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Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier)
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Coenagrion scituluni (Rambur) Daint
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Coenagrion hastulatuni (Charpentier
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Coenagrion lunulatum (Charpentier)
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Coenagrion armatum (Charpentier) No
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Coenagrion puella (Linnaeus) Azuxe
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Coenagrion pulchellum (Vander Linde
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Enallagma cyathigerurn (Charpentier
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Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier) Scar
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Ischnura elegans (Vander Linden) 19
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Ceriagrion tenellurn (Villers) 1975
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Aeshna caerulea (Strom) Azure hawke
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Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus) Common haw
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Montiaghs Moss, near Aghalee, Co An
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Sundon Springs chalk quarry, near L
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PLATE 1 Calopteryxvirgo adult PLATE
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PLATE 13 Libellula fulva adult PLAT
Page 91 and 92: Aeshna mixta Latreile Migrant hawke
Page 93 and 94: Aeshna cyanea (Muller) Southern haw
Page 95 and 96: Aeshna grandis (Linnaeus) Brown haw
Page 97 and 98: Aeshna isosceles (Muller) Norfolk h
Page 99 and 100: Anax imperator Leach Emperor dragon
Page 101 and 102: Brachytron pratense (Muller) Hairy
Page 103 and 104: Gomphus vulgatissimus (Linnaeus) 19
Page 105 and 106: Cordulegaster boltonii (Donovan) Go
Page 107 and 108: Cordulia aenea (Lin.naens) Downy em
Page 109 and 110: Somatochlora metallica (Vander Lind
Page 111 and 112: Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt)
Page 113 and 114: Oxygastra curtisii (Dale) Orange-sp
Page 115 and 116: Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus 1
Page 117 and 118: Libellula fulva Mailer Scarce chase
Page 119 and 120: Libellula depressa Linnaeus 1975-90
Page 121 and 122: Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus) 19
Page 123 and 124: Orthetrum coerulescens (Fabricius)
Page 125 and 126: Sympetrum striolaturn (Charpentier)
Page 127 and 128: Sympetrum sanguineum (Muller) Ruddy
Page 129 and 130: Sympetruni danae (Sulzer) 1975-90 o
Page 131 and 132: Leuconhinia dubia (Vander Linden) W
Page 133 and 134: IMIVLIGRANTS AND ACCIDENTAL SPECIES
Page 135 and 136: POSSIBLE ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH A
Page 137 and 138: SEASONAL OCCURRENCE PREVIOUS REPRES
Page 139 and 140: 700 600 500 400 300. 200 100 0 90 8
Page 141: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 90 80 70 60 50
Page 145 and 146: ODONATA LOCALITY 6411 V10E-COUNTY N
Page 147 and 148: Particularly in the case of residen
Page 149 and 150: conditions and which may be of grea
Page 151 and 152: 1960s from its single locality alon
Page 153 and 154: pond. One of the authors did this o
Page 155 and 156: REFERENCES Aguilar, J. d', Dommange
Page 157 and 158: Gabb, R. & Kitching, D. 1992. The d
Page 159 and 160: Coenagrion rnercuriale (Charpentier
Page 161 and 162: Dee'. Transactions of the Natural H
Page 163 and 164: Circumboreal Occurring in a band en
Page 165 and 166: Marl A whitish clay soil with a hig
Page 167 and 168: Vulvar scale WATCH Weald Wheel posi
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 2. LIST OF PLANT NAMES Pla
Page 171: Libefiula depressa 5,6,14,17,18,19,
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