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Sympetrurn striolatum (Charpentier) Common darter Sympetrurn nigrescens Lucas Highland darter Description Males of these small libellulids possess a predominantly reddish abdomen with black markings, and a brown thorax having areas of yellow and black laterally Separation of S. nigrescens from S. stnblatum has generally been based on the greater degree of black marking on the body, but this is not a reliable identification character. The distribution map for S. stholatum and S. nigrescens has been combined because of the uncertainty about the identification features used by recorders in making their original determinations. S. nigrescens was first described by Lucas (1912) as a new species, based mainly on coloration, though he appears later to have regarded it merely as a race of S. striolatum. Gardner (1955), in redescribing S. nigrescens as a separate species, stated that colour characters were variable where these species' ranges overlapped, and that only an examination of the genitalia of adults, and certain larval features, could separate them reliably. Almost none of the records held at BRC are based on such examinations. Doubts have since been expressed about the reliability of Gardner's findings, and hence the validity of the specific rank of S. nigrescens (Geijskes & van Tol 1983; Hamalainen 1985; Merritt & Vick 1983). More detailed studies are required to resolve the question. Breeding biology Flight periods Status and distribution European and world distribution Males of S. striolaturn/S. nigrescens can be separated from male S. sanguiheum by the generally paler red, and less uniform, coloration of the abdomen, which is bright blood-red in S. sanguiheum. Also, they lack the noticeably constricted 'waist' between abdominal segments 3-5 of S. sanguine= which gives that species a clubbed appearance. Females and immature males of S. stnblatum/S. nigrescens are much browner than mature males. They can be separated from their S. danae counterparts by their lack of a large black triangular marking on the dorsal surface of the thorax. Non-melanic individuals can be readily distinguished from female and immature male S. sanguine= by the yellow longitudinal line on the outer surface of the legs, these being black in S. sanguineum. There are also differences in the shape of the accessary genitalia of males and the vulvar scale of females. Habitat S. striolatum/S. nigrescens occurs in a wide range of habitats including ditches, ponds, lakes, peaty bog pools, and, occasionally, slow-flowing streams and rivers. The territory of S. stnblatum is not strongly localised, but consists of the area where it happens to be perched, usually determined by temperature requirements (Moore 1991d). The highest steady density is about 13 males per 100 m of water's edge. Copulation takes 10-15 minutes. Oviposition often occurs in tandem, with the downward movements of the male's abdomen making the female's abdomen touch the water and hence release the eggs (Moore 1952). Eggs that are laid in summer hatch within about six weeks, but those laid in autumn pass the winter in diapause and hatch the following spring. Larval development is generally completed in one year. The flying period of S. striolatum/S. nigrescens is from the end of June to October, and occasionally November. Very occasionally, mass migrations of S. striolatum occur. Cynthia Longfleld (1948) witnessed a vast migration during September 1947 along the south coast of Ireland involving probably over a million insects and lasting several weeks. They flew in from the sea in narrow columns and spread inland. Small-scale immigration to Britain and/or Ireland probably occurs most years. S. striolatum/nigrescens is the most common anisopteran in southern and central England, and most of Wales and Ireland. It is scarce in parts of northern England, and absent from most of southern and eastern Scotland. It would appear not to favour the higher upland areas. Melanic forms have been reported mostly from Scotland and Ireland, but also from north Wales, south-west England and Lincolnshire. It was from Scotland that Gardner obtained most of the few specimens that led him to redescribe S. nigrescens (Gardner 1955). He also reported it from Ireland and southern Norway A record from southern Finland in 1980, based on a single larva, 102
Sympetrum striolaturn (Charpentier) Corn.mon darter Sympetrurn nigrescens Lucas Highland darter 1975-90 o 1950-74 O Pre-1950 6 62 , 00 ooe ooe ooe *0* (boo toe 0 00 0 0 00 oeoso ** 0* 0 4.0 0 0 0 g 0 Q0 0 0 0, a 41/ o 0 0 0 00 000 00 00 0 0 0 00 ee 00000 00 103 0* 0 000 00 00 000 00 :i 4 000 410 00 0 0 0000 !". 0 / 00 00000 066 " 0411 0.0 4111 " 00 00 o : a> o o 00 0° 00 00 0000 00 illo o 000 e * so *el' lose 'wee oo e * ne:0411 ee oe woo *es *404, *0 se se o 114 eo * 0. 16- - * 000 0000000 00 00 0000000 000 000000 000 0 0 0000000 000000 00 00 0 00* 0 00 0000000 0 00 0000000 000 00 00 00041041 00 000 o 00 00000 0000 0 00 0000 00 000 0000 0 00 00000000 000 00000 000 00000 00 00 00000 00 000 OD 000 00 00000 000 000 00 0 0 000000 0111.4110 00 00 00 0 0000 0 0 0 000000 000000. 000 00000000 000 S. o o 000 000 0 0 0 00 0 000 00000 50 00000 000000 0 0000 0000 00 000 000 00 0 00 000 0 000 00000000 se 000 000 00 0 00000000000 000 0 000 00 0 000000 0 0000000 000000 0 0 was later reidentified as S. vulgatum (Hamalainen 1985). S. striolatum is widespread throughout most of Europe except northern Scandinavia and northern Russia, and is found east to Japan. It occurs in North Africa. 0 0
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Cover photograph: Aeshna juncea Ins
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@ NERC Copyright 1996 ISBN 0 11 701
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FOREWORD Having been on the fringe
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following list
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Howard, G.; Howard, LW; Howe, M.; H
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Walker, D.S.; Walker, FA; WaLker, I
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CHECKLIST The following checklist i
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Aeshna mixta Latreille 1805 Aeschna
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THE BRITISH AND IRISH ODONATA IN A
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of distributions of dragonflies usi
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I 00 o o Figure 3. Map of coverage
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,o " Figure 5. Map of coverage at t
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FIELDWORK AND DATA MANAGEMENT METHO
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areas, and encouraged in this by bo
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Table 3. Distribution of each speci
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Table 4 (con°. Vice-county distrib
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Table 4 (cont). Vice-county distrib
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Computerisation and validation Havi
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dominance of one individual over an
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RESIDENT SPECIES Description Habita
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Calopteryx splendens (Harris) Bande
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Description Flight periods Status a
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Description Lestes dryas Kirby Scar
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Platycnemis pennipes (Pallas) White
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Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer) 1975-9
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Erythromma najas (Hansemann) 1975-9
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Coenagrion mercuriale (Charpentier)
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Coenagrion scituluni (Rambur) Daint
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Coenagrion hastulatuni (Charpentier
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Coenagrion lunulatum (Charpentier)
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Coenagrion armatum (Charpentier) No
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Coenagrion puella (Linnaeus) Azuxe
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Coenagrion pulchellum (Vander Linde
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Enallagma cyathigerurn (Charpentier
Page 73 and 74: Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier) Scar
Page 75 and 76: Ischnura elegans (Vander Linden) 19
Page 77 and 78: Ceriagrion tenellurn (Villers) 1975
Page 79 and 80: Aeshna caerulea (Strom) Azure hawke
Page 81 and 82: Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus) Common haw
Page 83 and 84: Montiaghs Moss, near Aghalee, Co An
Page 85 and 86: Sundon Springs chalk quarry, near L
Page 87 and 88: PLATE 1 Calopteryxvirgo adult PLATE
Page 89 and 90: PLATE 13 Libellula fulva adult PLAT
Page 91 and 92: Aeshna mixta Latreile Migrant hawke
Page 93 and 94: Aeshna cyanea (Muller) Southern haw
Page 95 and 96: Aeshna grandis (Linnaeus) Brown haw
Page 97 and 98: Aeshna isosceles (Muller) Norfolk h
Page 99 and 100: Anax imperator Leach Emperor dragon
Page 101 and 102: Brachytron pratense (Muller) Hairy
Page 103 and 104: Gomphus vulgatissimus (Linnaeus) 19
Page 105 and 106: Cordulegaster boltonii (Donovan) Go
Page 107 and 108: Cordulia aenea (Lin.naens) Downy em
Page 109 and 110: Somatochlora metallica (Vander Lind
Page 111 and 112: Somatochlora arctica (Zetterstedt)
Page 113 and 114: Oxygastra curtisii (Dale) Orange-sp
Page 115 and 116: Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus 1
Page 117 and 118: Libellula fulva Mailer Scarce chase
Page 119 and 120: Libellula depressa Linnaeus 1975-90
Page 121 and 122: Orthetrum cancellatum (Linnaeus) 19
Page 123: Orthetrum coerulescens (Fabricius)
Page 127 and 128: Sympetrum sanguineum (Muller) Ruddy
Page 129 and 130: Sympetruni danae (Sulzer) 1975-90 o
Page 131 and 132: Leuconhinia dubia (Vander Linden) W
Page 133 and 134: IMIVLIGRANTS AND ACCIDENTAL SPECIES
Page 135 and 136: POSSIBLE ADDITIONS TO THE BRITISH A
Page 137 and 138: SEASONAL OCCURRENCE PREVIOUS REPRES
Page 139 and 140: 700 600 500 400 300. 200 100 0 90 8
Page 141 and 142: 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 90 80 70 60 50
Page 143 and 144: Finally, differences in recorder be
Page 145 and 146: ODONATA LOCALITY 6411 V10E-COUNTY N
Page 147 and 148: Particularly in the case of residen
Page 149 and 150: conditions and which may be of grea
Page 151 and 152: 1960s from its single locality alon
Page 153 and 154: pond. One of the authors did this o
Page 155 and 156: REFERENCES Aguilar, J. d', Dommange
Page 157 and 158: Gabb, R. & Kitching, D. 1992. The d
Page 159 and 160: Coenagrion rnercuriale (Charpentier
Page 161 and 162: Dee'. Transactions of the Natural H
Page 163 and 164: Circumboreal Occurring in a band en
Page 165 and 166: Marl A whitish clay soil with a hig
Page 167 and 168: Vulvar scale WATCH Weald Wheel posi
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 2. LIST OF PLANT NAMES Pla
Page 171: Libefiula depressa 5,6,14,17,18,19,
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