Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior (vol

A
A1 allele, 233
AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous
AAAP. See American Academy of Addiction
Psychiatry
AAAP News, 107
Aaron, Hank, 1105
Abbott laboratories, 628
ABC laws. See Alcohol beverage controls
Abecarnil, 174
Abraxas Foundation, 1138
Abscesses, from needles, 294
Absinthe, 83
Absorption of drugs, 846, 850, 850–851
alcohol, 71–72, 858
caffeine, 214
drug interactions and, 438
drug testing and, 450
nicotine, 785, 1201–1205
Abstinence. See also Withdrawal
cirrhosis and, 311
cocaine triphasic model of, 224, 1254,
1345–1346
contingency management and, 1231
vs. controlled drinking, 95–101, 97, 98,
99
family therapy and, 1234
group therapy and, 1238–1240
in halfway houses, 585
for psychotherapy, 240
vs. sobriety, 1047
temperance movement and, 1078, 1079,
1080
Abstinence syndrome. See Withdrawal
Abstinence violation effect, 1–2, 1165, 1229
Abuse liability of drugs
amphetamines, 110, 113–114
anabolic steroids, 127–128
animal testing, 2–4, 622, 985–990, 993,
998–1000
barbiturates, 162
benzodiazepines, 176–177, 181, 1021
caffeine, 211
cocaine, 224, 270–271, 354
codeine, 272
controlled schedules and (See Schedules of
drugs)
CPDD and, 282–283
dextroamphetamine, 385
drug discrimination and, 973–974
glutethimide, 579
heroin, 594, 595
human testing, 4–7, 980–984
hydromorphone, 618
iatrogenic addiction and, 619–622
ibogaine, 622
intracranial self-stimulation and, 1007
meprobamate, 714
methylphenidate, 724
morphine, 742
opioids, 808–809
Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of
Canada, 24
Acamprosate, 1142–1143, 1155
Numbers in boldface refer to the main entry on the subject.
Numbers in italic refer to illustrations.
Accidents and injuries
alcohol-related, 7–10, 76–77, 317
drinking age laws and, 736
drug-related, 10–16, 317
motor vehicle (See Motor vehicle
accidents)
Accreditation. See Certification and
accreditation
ACDA. See Adult Children of Alcoholics
Acetaldehyde. See also Alcohol
dehydrogenase; Aldehyde
dehydrogenase
alcohol metabolism and, 74–75, 447–448
cancer and, 219, 220
disulfiram and (See Disulfiram)
Acetaminophen, 257, 829–831. See also
Analgesics
with alcohol, 59, 60
drug tampering and, 824
liver toxicity and, 312
propoxyphene with, 937
Acetyl-CoA, 448
Acetylation, 448
Acetylcholine, 16
agonists for, 183, 710
antagonists for, 1017
betel nut and, 183
discovery of, 771
nerve diseases and, 878
neuronal network hypothesis and, 196
neurotransmission and, 777–779,
780–781
nicotine and, 784
Acetylmethadol. See L-alpha-acetylmethadol
Acetylsalicylic acid. See Aspirin
Acid (Slang). See Lysergic acid diethylamide
ACMD. See Advisory Council on the Misuse
of Drugs (Britain)
ACOA. See Adult Children of Alcoholics
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. See
AIDS
Acquired tolerance, 25–26
ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Acupuncture, 1222–1225, 1223
for opioid addiction, 805
for tobacco addiction, 1089
Acute intoxication, defined, 654
Acute tolerance, 26
ADAM (Drug). See MDMA
ADAM (Program). See Arrestee Drug Abuse
Monitoring
ADAMHA. See Alcohol, Drug Abuse and
Mental Health Administration
Addicted babies, 16–18. See also Children;
Fetal development
ADHD and, 155
cocaine and, 12, 14–15
fetal alcohol syndrome (See Fetal alcohol
syndrome)
methadone and, 719
phencyclidine and, 867
postnatal drug exposure, 248
tobacco exposure and, 1103
1823
in utero drug exposure, 247–248, 318,
523, 537–543, 1358
nutritional complications and, 339–340
Addiction. See also Dependence syndrome
Addiction Severity Index and, 19–21
adjunctive behaviors, 29–31
in babies (See Addicted babies)
behavioral (See Behavioral addictions)
biological factors in, 194–196, 195,
223–232
biopsychosocial model (See
Biopsychosocial model)
vs. codependence, 273–274
comorbidity with (See Comorbidity)
concepts and definitions, 21–27
craving and, 354–357
cultural considerations in (See Cultural
considerations)
defined, 23–24, 176, 314–315
disease concept of (See Disease concept of
substance abuse)
in elderly (See Elderly)
excessive behaviors, 822–823
existential models of, 1307–1308
genetics and (See Genetics)
in health professionals, 629–633
medical students, 629
by specialty, 631
history of treatment for, 1121–1123
homelessness and, 613–618
iatrogenic (See Iatrogenic addiction)
journals on, 18, 107, 246, 283
learning factors in (See Learning factors in
substance abuse)
myths about, 748–749
neurotransmitters and, 777–800, 781
opioid (See Opioid dependence)
personality and (See Addictive personality)
processes of change in, 930–932
psychological factors in (See Psychological
causes of substance abuse)
relapse and (See Relapse)
stress models of, 1330–1331
treatment for (See Treatment)
vulnerability to (See Vulnerability)
Wikler’s theory of, 1338–1339
Addiction Book Prize, 18
Addiction (Journal), 18
Addiction Research Center, 980–981
Inventory, 982, 988, 992
Morphine Benzedrine Group Scale,
176–177, 802
NIDA and, 964–965, 1276–1278
Public Health Service Hospitals and, 1305
Single Dose Questionnaire, 982
Addiction Research Foundation (Canada).
See Centre for Addiction and
Mental Health (Canada)
Addiction Research Unit (Britain), 18–19
Addiction Severity Index, 19–21, 749, 1220
Addictive personality, 27, 840–843
opioids and, 808–809
psychological tests and, 28
self-esteem and, 242–243
Adenosine, 214–215